<p>The Pittock Block is a historic building in downtown Portland, Oregon, occupying a city block between SW 9th and 10th Avenues, SW Stark and Washington Streets, and west of O&#39;Bryant Square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Pittock Block was built, the site was occupied by the home of Henry L. Pittock, the publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock was preparing to move into the Pittock Mansion and leased the entire block to a California investor with the requirement that a "worthy" building named after Pittock would be built on the site.</p><br>
<p>In May 1913, architects Doyle, Patterson & Beach announced they had been awarded the $700,000 contract to construct the Pittock Block, with construction to begin immediately. According to a front-page story in the May 25, 1913, edition of The Oregonian:</p><br>
<p>"One-half of the building will be eight stories in height, with frontage on the Washington Street side, while the Stark Street side will be three stories high. In addition to a deep basement there will be a sub-basement on the part of the block facing Tenth street. The Northwestern Electric Company, for which the structure is to be erected, will occupy a part of the West Park street side and all of the ground floor on the Stark Street side. The remainder of the ground floor will be designed for stores. The upper floors will be used for office purposes. The building will be of reinforced concrete construction."</p><br>
<p>Since 1987, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>The Pittock Block is home to the Pittock Internet Exchange (Portland NAP), Portland&#39;s Internet exchange point. Other tenants of the Pittock Block include City Club of Portland and the administrative offices of the Oregon Symphony.</p><br>
<p>Pampa Luxsar is a little known volcanic field located in Bolivia, southwest of the Salar de Uyuni.</p><br>
<p>It consists of a field of lava flows that cover a surface area of 45 x. Cones are also found within the field, although vents are difficult to discern. The lava flows partly coalesce and are of uniform appearance, despite differences in their albedo. The field is constructed by basaltic andesite and andesite. The activity of the field may have been controlled by faults, which were later buried by lava flows.</p><br>
<p>The field surrounds the older stratovolcanoes Cerro Luxsar and Cerro Uquila, which are heavily eroded. It was erupted over several stages, with the youngest being of Pleistocene or Holocene age. One vent known as Cerro Negro is a maar and probably formed under the influence of paleolakes such as Lake Minchin or Lake Tauca, which have left lake terraces in the region.</p><br>
<p>Shingu Charpa is a mountain in the Hushe Region in Pakistan. It is a 5800 meter Karakorum spire located in Masherbrum massif in Nangma valley.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing History</h2><br>
<h3>Success</h3><br>
<p>In July 2000 a three person Korean Team succeeded in ascending to the summit of Shingu Charpa.</p><br>
<h3>Recent Attempts</h3><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<h3>North Ridge</h3><br>
<p>The spectacular North Ridge route follows Shingu Charpa&#39;s North pointing ridge that rises out of the Nangma Valley. The North Ridge route has been attempted at least twice but has not been successfully ascended to the summit of Shingu Charpa.</p><br>
<h3>Never More</h3><br>
<p>The route Never More ascends the east face of Shingu Charpa and intersects the North Ridge route near the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Harlem YMCA, also known as the Claude McKay Residence, is located at 180 West 135th Street between Lenox Avenue and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1931-32, the red-brown brick building with neo-Georgian details was designed by the Architectural Bureau of the National Council of the YMCA, with James C. Mackenzie, Jr. as the architect in charge. It replaced the building from 1919 across the street. Inside the building is a mural by Aaron Douglas titled "Evolution of Negro Dance."</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and was designated a New York City Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The Harlem YMCA is a significant landmark of black culture in New York City. Intended primarily for the use of African-American men at a time when most YMCAs were for whites only, it was one of the best equipped YMCAs in the United States.</p><br>
<p>African-American author Maria Celeste lived in the building from 1941 through 1946, and many notable black Americans have stayed at the facility, including Malcolm X &ndash; then Malcolm Little &ndash; who chose to stay there because of its proximity to his favorite nightclubs.</p><br>
<p>Southern Bight is the southern bight of the North Sea bounded by the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Great Britain. The Southern Bight is south west of the German Bight and the Wadden Sea. The Southern Bight is roughly delimited in the north by the line The Wash-West Frisian Islands, south of the Dogger Bank, a large shallow part in the North Sea, and the Outer Silver Pit, a deep water channel south of the Dogger Bank.</p><br>
<p>There are many sand banks in the Southern Bight. From the Strait of Dover to the Norfolk Banks, there is a deep water channel, which enters into wherein the water is about 30 metres deep or deeper. At the end of the English Channel, this depth increases to about 100 metres.</p><br>
<p>The North Sea as a whole has characteristics which are similar to those of the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the Southern Bight has hydrography characteristics which most resemble those of the English Channel, and the inputs from various European rivers. The bight&#39;s four main river sources are the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and the Thames, but it is also impacted by the Ems, Elbe, and Humber.</p><br>
<p>The Bull Stone House is located in the Town of Hamptonburgh, New York. It is a ten-room stone house built in the 1720s by William Bull and Sarah Wells, pioneer settlers of Central Orange County, NY.</p><br>
<p>Bull, a stonemason, met and married Wells, a fellow immigrant to the Wawayanda Patent (much of the present day towns of Goshen, Hamptonburgh, Minisink, and Warwick) while they were both working for the patent proprietors.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Wells arrived in the area as the patent&#39;s first female settler in 1712. She came there to work as an indentured house servant at the age of eighteen. In 1715 Bull arrived in North America from Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England and also came to work on the Wawayanda Patent, where they met.</p><br>
<p>Their marriage in 1718, was the first between European settlers in Goshen.</p><br>
<p>Building the house was a joint effort between husband and wife. They received the land as a land grant and began building the house in 1722. Sarah carried some of the stones to the site and William cut and laid them, while they lived in a temporary log cabin. It took thirteen years to complete, surviving a 1727 earthquake in the process.</p><br>
<p>Their descendants dispersed within the adjacent region, with the houses of Thomas (now a county museum) and William III also on the National Register. The family has lent its name to the hamlet of Bullville and Thomas Bull Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Wells survived William Bull, who died in 1755. She remarried and lived to the age of 102, leaving 335 direct descendants. The county government has renamed Orange County Route 8, near the house, to Sarah Wells Trail, in her honor. The local Girl Scouts council was named for her as well.</p><br>
<p>The house and surrounding property have remained in the Bull family&#39;s ownership. Today a ninth-generation descendant lives there as the resident caretaker. Tours are available for the general public for a small fee. The house has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1974.</p><br>
<p>The 120 acre William Bull and Sarah Wells homestead boasts another historical structure of significance, a New World Dutch barn.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pelier Hill is a 383-metre  hill in County Dublin, Ireland. It is commonly referred to as the Hell Fire Club, the popular name given to the ruined building at the summit. This building – a hunting lodge built in around 1725 by William Conolly – was originally called Mount Pelier and since its construction the hill has also gone by the same name. The building and hill were respectively known locally as The Brass Castle and Bevans Hill&#39;, but the original Irish name of the hill is no longer known although the historian and archaeologist Patrick Healy has suggested that the hill is the place known as Suide Uí Ceallaig or Suidi Celi in the Crede Mihi, the twelfth century diocesan register book of the Archbishops of Dublin.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pelier is the closest to Dublin city of the group of mountains – along with Killakee, Featherbed Bog, Kippure, Seefingan, Corrig, Seahan, Ballymorefinn, Carrigeenoura and Slievenabawnogue – that form the ridge that bounds the Glenasmole valley. On the slopes is a forestry plantation, known as Hell Fire Wood, which consists of Sitka spruce, larch and beech.</p><br>
<p>Originally there was a cairn with a prehistoric passage grave on the summit. Stones from the cairn were taken and used in the construction of Mount Pelier lodge. Shortly after completion, a storm blew the roof off. Local superstition attributed this incident to the work of the Devil, a punishment for interfering with the cairn. Mount Pelier Hill has since become associated with numerous paranormal events.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Irish Hell Fire Club, which was active in the years 1735 to 1741, used Mount Pelier lodge as a meeting place. Stories of wild behaviour and debauchery and occult practices and demonic manifestations have become part of the local lore over the years. The original name of the lodge has been displaced and the building is generally known as the Hell Fire Club. When the lodge was damaged by fire, the members of the Hell Fire Club relocated down the hill to the nearby Stewards House for a brief period. This building also has a reputation for being haunted, most notably by a massive black cat.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Stewards House are the remains of Killakee Estate. A large Victorian house was built here in the early nineteenth century by Luke White. White&#39;s son, Samuel, oversaw the development of extensive formal gardens on the estate, including the construction of several glasshouses by Richard Turner. The estate passed to the Massy family through inheritance in 1880 and John Thomas Massy, the 6th Baron made extensive use of the house and ground to host shooting parties and society gatherings. The fortunes of the Massy family declined in the early twentieth century and Hamon Massy, the 8th Baron, was evicted from Killakee House in 1924. He became known as the "Penniless Peer". Following the eviction, Killakee House was demolished and the gardens fell into ruin.</p><br>
<p>Today Mount Pelier Hill and much of the surrounding lands, including Killakee Estate (now called Lord Massy&#39;s Estate) are owned by the State forestry company Coillte and are open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Hell Fire Club on Mount Pelier Hill</h3><br>
<h4>William Conolly's Hunting Lodge</h4><br>
<p>The building now known as the Hell Fire Club was built around 1725 as a hunting lodge by William Conolly, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. It was named Mount Pelier by Conolly but over the years has also been known as "The Haunted House", "The Shooting Lodge", and "Conolly&#39;s Folly". It was one of several exclusive establishments using the name Hellfire Club that existed in Britain and Ireland in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>While the building has a rough appearance today, the architecture is of a Palladian design. The upper floor consists of a hall and two reception rooms. On the eastern side, there was a third, timber-floored, level where the sleeping quarters were located. On the ground floor is a kitchen, servants&#39; quarters and stairs to the upper floors. The entrance, which is on the upper floor, was reached by a long flight of stairs which is now missing. At each side of the building is a room with a lean-to roof which may have been used to stable horses. A stone mounting block to assist people onto their horses can be seen on the eastern side. The house faces to the north, looking over Dublin and the plains of Meath and Kildare, The grounds around the lodge consisted of a 1,000 acre deer park.</p><br>
<p>There was a prehistoric burial site at the summit of Mount Pelier Hill and stones from it were used in the construction of the lodge. Shortly after its completion, a great storm blew the original slate roof off. Local superstition held that this was the work of the Devil, an act of revenge for disturbing the ancient cairn. Conolly had the roof replaced with an arched stone roof constructed in a similar fashion to that of a bridge. There is little evidence that the lodge was put to much use. Conolly himself died in 1729.</p><br>
<h4>The Hell Fire Club</h4><br>
<p>The Irish Hell Fire Club was founded around 1737 by Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse, and James Worsdale. Lord Rosse was probably the president of the club. Evidence of the identities of other members comes from a painting by Worsdale entitled The Hell Fire Club, Dublin, now held by the National Gallery of Ireland, which shows five members of the club seated around a table. The five men are Henry, 4th Baron Barry of Santry (who was tried and convicted for murder in 1739); Simon Luttrell, Lord Irnham; Colonel Henry Ponsonby; Colonel Richard St George and Colonel Clements. Accounts of the clubs meetings claim that members drank "scaltheen", a mixture of whiskey and hot butter, and that they left a chair vacant at each gathering for the Devil. The clubs mascot was a black cat.</p><br>
<h4>The Hell Fire Club rents the Connolly Hunting Lodge</h4><br>
<p>At some stage the lodge at Mount Pelier was let to the club by the Conolly family (coincidentally, William Conolly had purchased Mount Pelier Hill from Philip, Duke of Wharton, founder of the first Hell Fire Club in 1719.).</p><br>
<p>It is not clear to what extent, if any, the Hell Fire Club made use of the building. The author Michael Fewer has suggested that the remoteness of Mount Peliers location is why there are almost no verifiable accounts of the activities that went on there. However, numerous (and very doubtful) stories surrounding the building have become part of local folklore, some of which have spread to a wider audience through publication in the nineteenth century in books such as Robert Chambers Book of Days (1864) and in The Gentleman&#39;s Magazine (1731–1922).</p><br>
<p>One of the best known of these tells of a stranger who arrived at the club on a stormy night. Invited in, he joined the members in a card game. One player dropped his card on the floor and when he bent under the table to retrieve it noticed that the stranger had a cloven hoof. At this point the visitor disappeared in a ball of flame. This story, which is found in texts from at least the 1930s, is very similar to one associated with Loftus Hall, County Wexford. The Loftus family owned a hunting lodge – known as Dolly Mount – which was also to be found on Mount Pelier Hill.</p><br>
<p>Another story tells of a priest who came to the house one night and found the members engaged in the sacrifice of a black cat. The priest grabbed the cat and uttered an exorcism upon which a demon was released from the corpse of the cat.</p><br>
<p>One tale centres on club member Simon Luttrell, Lord Irnham, later Earl of Carhampton, one time Sheriff of Dublin. According to the story, Luttrell made a pact with the Devil to give up his soul within seven years in return for settling his debts but, when the Devil came to Mount Pelier lodge to claim his prize, Luttrell distracted the Devil and fled.</p><br>
<p>Other tales recount numerous drinking sessions and black masses at which animal sacrifices, and on one occasion the sacrifice of a dwarf, took place.</p><br>
<p>At some point during this period, the building was damaged by fire. There are several stories connected with this incident. One holds that the club set fire to the building when William Conollys son refused to renew the lease on the lodge. However, the clubs activities declined after this incident.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Hell Fire Club was revived in 1771 and was active for a further 30 years. Its most notorious member was Thomas "Buck" Whaley, son of Richard Chappell Whaley. This new incarnation was known as "The Holy Fathers". Meetings once again took place at Mount Pelier lodge and, according to one story, the members kidnapped, murdered and ate a farmer&#39;s daughter. Whaley eventually repented and, when he died in 1800, the Irish Hell Fire Club disbanded with his death.</p><br>
<h4>After the Hell Fire Club</h4><br>
<p>The antiquarian Austin Cooper visited the house in 1779 and found it in a state of disrepair. Joseph Holt, a general of the Society of the United Irishmen recorded in his memoirs that he spent a night in the ruin of Mount Pelier while on the run following the 1798 Rebellion. The Conollys sold the lands to Luke White in 1800. They passed through inheritance to the Massy family of Duntrileage, County Limerick. When the Massy family became bankrupt, the lands were acquired by the State. Today, the building is maintained by Coillte, who manage the forestry plantations on Mount Pelier&#39;s slopes, and have installed concrete stairs and iron safety rails across the upper windows.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistoric monuments</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the prehistoric monument that originally stood at the summit can be seen to the rear of the Hell Fire Club building. Austin Cooper, on his visit in 1779, described it thus: "behind the house are still the remains of the cairn, the limits of which were composed of large stones set edgeways which made a sort of wall or boundary about 18 in high and withinside these were the small stones heaped up. It is 34 yd diameter or 102 yd in circumference. In the very centre is a large stone 9 ft long and 6 ft broad and about 3 ft thick not raised upon large stones but lying low with the stones cleared away from about it. There are several other large stones lying upon the heap." It appears from this description that the central chamber of the monument – which was a passage grave In close proximity is a second mound, 1 m high, on which an Ordnance Survey trig pillar stands. Close to the monument is a fallen standing stone, a pointed rock 1 m high.</p><br>
<p>However, in October 2016 a further excavation discovered a huge passage grave similar to that at Newgrange, probably dating back 5,000 years, under the ruins.</p><br>
<h3>The Stewards House</h3><br>
<p>Further down the hill, along the Military Road, is a two-story house, known as The Stewards House or as Killakee House (not to be confused with the now-demolished Killakee House that served as the residence of the Massy family who owned the adjacent Killakee Estate). It was built around 1765 by the Conolly family as a hunting lodge. Over the years, it has served as a dower house and as a residence for the agent who managed the Killakee Estate. To the rear is a belfry; this was once a common feature of large farmhouses and was used to call the workers for meals. Stories regarding the origin of this spectre either connect it with the account of the priest who exorcised a cat at the Hell Fire Club or with a cat that was doused in whiskey and set alight by members of the Hell Fire Club before escaping across the mountains with its fur aflame.</p><br>
<p>The best documented account of these hauntings occurred between 1968 and 1970. The Evening Herald and Evening Press newspapers carried a number of reports regarding a Mrs Margaret O&#39;Brien and her husband Nicholas, a retired Garda superintendent, who were converting the house into an arts centre. McAssey painted a portrait of the cat which hung in the house for several years after. In the documentary a clairvoyant called Sheila St. Clair communicated with the spirits of the house through automatic writing. In 1971, a plumber working in the house discovered a grave with a skeleton of a small figure, most likely that of a child or, perhaps, the body of the dwarf alleged to have been sacrificed by the members of the Hell Fire Club. The house operated as a restaurant in the 1990s before closing in 2001; it is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h3>Killakee (Lord Massy's) Estate</h3><br>
<p>On the other side of the Military Road to Hell Fire Wood and the Stewards House is the remains of Killakee Estate, now known as Lord Massy&#39;s Estate. These lands were first granted to Walter de Ridleford after the Norman invasion and later given to Sir Thomas Luttrell, an ancestor of Hell Fire Club member Simon Luttrell, by Henry VIII. The Luttrell family held onto the estate until the seventeenth century when it was relinquished to Dudley Loftus and then passed to William Conolly. In 1800, the Conolly family sold the estate to Luke White.</p><br>
<p>The White family built Killakee House on the estate in the early nineteenth century. This was a two-storey, thirty-six roomed stucco-faced house. It had a Tuscan-columned entrance and large three-windowed bows on the back and sides. In 1838, he engaged the services of Sir Ninian Niven, former director of the Botanic Gardens in Dublin. Niven laid out two Victorian formal gardens of gravel walks, terraces and exotic trees decorated with statues of Greek and Roman gods. Adjacent to the house was a terraced rose garden with a statue of Neptune. A second walled garden in a vale in the woods below the house contained more fountains and a range of glasshouses designed by Richard Turner. William Robinson, writing in The Gardener&#39;s Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette on 10 December 1864, said of the gardens, "I know of no better example of the</p><br>
<p>advantage of extensively planting and draining a barren and elevated</p><br>
<p>district than is afforded by this demesne of 500 acres."</p><br>
<p>When Samuel Whites widow, Anne, died in 1880, she bequeathed the estate to her late husbands nephew, John Thomas, 6th Baron Massy. The Massys were a Protestant Ascendancy family who had come to Ireland in 1641 and owned extensive lands in Counties Limerick, Leitrim and Tipperary. Massy used Killakee House to entertain guests while shooting game on nearby Cruagh and Glendoo mountains. He also used the house to host parties during major events on the Dublin social calendar such as the Dublin Horse Show, the Punchestown Races and the Dublin Castle Season. During these events long lines of guests carriages could be seen stretched along the road leading to the house. However, as a result of declining rental income and poor investment decisions, John Thomas Massy was in considerable debt when he died in 1915. The Massys initially moved into the Stewards House before taking up residence in Beehive Cottage, the estates gate lodge, by agreement with the bank. Hamon Massy, unable to find a job on account of his alcoholism became dependent on his wife, Margaret, whose modest salary from a job with the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake was the familys only income. In the years up to his death in 1958, Hamon Massy, who became known as the "Penniless Peer", could be seen collecting firewood in the woods of his former family estate.</p><br>
<p>Following the eviction, Killakee House was briefly used as an operations base by the Detective Unit of the Garda Síochána in 1931 while they hunted IRA subversives who were hiding explosives at Killakee. When the bank was unable to find a buyer for the estate, it was acquired by a builder who stripped the house and then demolished it in 1941. The lands were eventually acquired by the State and opened to the public. In the late 1930s, the Director of Forestry, a German called Otto Reinhard, laid out the area as an urban forest. The trees have reclaimed most of the land once occupied by the formal gardens: all that remains is the brickwork at the rear of the Turner glasshouses and the system of irrigation canals and ponds for the exotic plants contained within.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the archaeologist and historian Patrick Healy discovered the remains of a prehistoric wedge tomb in the woods. All the survives is the skeletal outline of the main chamber and the outer double walls. Most of the stones were removed to build the low stone wall that runs across the front of the tomb.</p><br>
<h3>Carthy's Castle</h3><br>
<p>On the northern slopes is another ruined building, known as Carthys or McCarthys Castle. This is all that remains of Dolly Mount – also known as the "Long House" and "Mount Pelier House" – a large hunting residence built by Henry Loftus, Earl of Ely towards the end of the eighteenth century. The interiors were noted for their marble chimney pieces and stuccoed ceilings. The earls first wife, Frances Monroe, was the aunt of Dorothea "Dolly" Monroe who was a celebrated beauty and in whose honour the house was named Dolly Mount. The Elys subsequently abandoned the residence and the building soon fell into ruin, mainly at the hands of a tenant called Jack Kelly who wrecked the house to ensure his tenancy would not be disturbed. All, except for the tower at the western end, which is now known as Carthy&#39;s Castle, was demolished in 1950.</p><br>
<h3>Orlagh House</h3><br>
<p>In the land adjacent to Carthy&#39;s Castle is Orlagh House which has been owned by the Augustinian Order since the mid-nineteenth century and is a retreat and conference centre run by the friars. It was built in 1790 by Mr Lundy Foot, a wealthy snuff merchant, who named the house Footmount. He was also a magistrate and was instrumental in condemning three members of the Kearney family to death for the murder of John Kinlan, the gamekeeper at Friarstown, near Bohernabreena, in 1816. Foot was subsequently murdered in 1835, an act that was attributed to relatives of the Kearneys. In fact, Foot was killed by James Murphy, the son of an evicted tenant farmer whose land Foot had bought following the eviction.</p><br>
<p>In a field opposite Orlagh House is a holy well associated with Saint Colmcille. A statue of the saint, designed by Joseph Tierney, was erected at the site in 1917. Pilgrims either drink the water or apply it to sore ears.</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Pelier Hill is accessed from the Hell Fire Wood car park along the R115 road between Rathfarnham and Glencullen. The woods offer a nature trail and a permanent orienteering course. Lord Massy&#39;s Estate and Mount Pelier Hill are also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way hiking trail that runs between Shankill and Tallaght.</p><br>
<p>The Will Marion Cook House is a historic townhouse at 221 West 138th Street, in the part of Harlem known as Strivers&#39; Row in Manhattan, New York City. It was home from 1918 until is death in 1944 of Will Marion Cook , a leading African-American musician and composer of the period, and a major influence on later musicians including Sidney Bechet, Duke Ellington, and Josephine Baker. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Will Marion Cook House is located on the north side of West 138th Street, between 7th and 8th Avenues. This area, known as Strivers Row, was home to a number of well-known people during the height of Harlems cultural successes of the early 20th century. It is an end unit of a row of sixteen three-story Renaissance Revival brick rowhouses, built by developer David H. King in 1891. The ground floor is two bays wide, with the main entrance in the left bay, set in a rounded-arch opening. The second floor features a single three-part window, with narrow sidelights flanking a larger central sash, separated by Ionic columns; a half-round terra cotta panel above the center window gives the grouping the feel of a Palladian window. The third floor has a central sash window, separated from side narrow windows by brickwork. First and third-floor window bays all feature splayed lintels of terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>This house is where Will Marion Cook lived from 1918 to 1944. Called the "master of all masters of our people" by Duke Ellington, he was a leading black composer and musician, trained classically in the violin by Antonin Dvorak and others. Denied work in racist classical music circles, he made his influence felt as a composer and arranger in the theater, employing African-American musical styles and themes in his work. He was an early innovator in the use of musical improvisation, helping give rise to jazz and the Big Band Era. Cook was a mentor and influence on Eubie Blake and Duke Ellington, and helped further the career of his wife, Abbie Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>The Paul Robeson Residence, also known by its street address of 555 Edgecombe Avenue, is a National Historic Landmarked apartment building, located at 555 Edgecombe Avenue at the corner of West 160th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was originally known as the "Roger Morris" when it was built in 1914-16 &ndash; after the retired British Army officer who built the nearby Morris-Jumel Mansion &ndash; and was designed by Schwartz & Gross, who specialized in apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>For the first 25 years of its existence, the building was restricted to white tenants. Around 1940, as the racial characteristics of the neighborhood changed, this policy was dropped. Subsequently, the building became known for the noted African-American residents, including musician and composer Count Basie, boxer Joe Louis, musician and bandleader Andy Kirk, actor and producer Canada Lee, the psychologist Kenneth Clark, and the actor and singer Paul Robeson, who lived in the building from 1939 to 1941.</p><br>
<p>After Robeson&#39;s death in 1976, the building was declared a National Historic Landmark in his honor. In 1993, it was designated a New York City landmark. Edgecombe Avenue has also been co-named "Paul Robeson Boulevard".</p><br>
<p>The Stover-Myers Mill is a watermill located on the Tohickon Creek in Bedminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built around 1800 and operated continuously until 1955. The mill was built by Jacob Stover and it used a millstone to grind flour and feed for livestock using power from a waterwheel. The mill was also equipped with an up-and-down saw and it operated as a lumbermill. Later, the mill was renovated by Christian Myers in 1885. With the advent of steam power, the mill was eventually augmented with a steam engine. Milling of flour ceased in 1920, primarily due to competition from Mid-Western states, and the mill closed in 1955. The property was purchased by Bucks County in 1967 and the mill currently resides in a 26 acre park that is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Sellades  is a village in the municipal unit of Kompoti in the regional unit of Arta, Greece. In 2011 its population was 606 for the town and 714 for the community . Sellades is 1 km northwest of Kompoti and 10 km southeast of Arta. The Greek National Road 5/E951  passes southwest of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name "Sellades" is disputed. According to one theory the first inhabitants of the village were Selloi people from Dodona. Another theory states that the inhabitants were involved in manufacturing saddles ("sela"), or that the village is shaped like a saddle. Strabo described the area of Makrynoros as Selaida (Σελαΐδα). Another theory is that the first inhabitants had as their last name Selladitis (Σελλαδίτης).</p><br>
<p>The first written reference to the village is in a Venetian documents dating from 1696, saying that Sellades and the neighbouring village Megarchi paid tribute to the Venetians.</p><br>
<p>Union Village or "Bank Village" is a village and historic district located in North Smithfield and Woonsocket, Rhode Island on Rhode Island Route 146A. Union Village developed because it was at the cross roads of old Great Road   and Pound Hill Road .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Union Village was originally named Bank Village, and was the site of the first bank in northern Rhode Island, in 1805. The area was part of the original Edward Inman-John Mowry purchase from the Native Americans in 1666. Richard Arnold Jr. settled in the Union Village area in the late 17th century and the area was predominantly a farming community. In the 1800s the Bank in the village was called the Union Bank and the village received its name from the bank. The house containing the bank vault is still intact (2007). The Village was also home to the Bushee Academy, a prominent school in the nineteenth century. Union Village served as a way stop for travelers on the way to Boston, Worcester and Connecticut, and it was a commercial center through the 1820s. The Marquis de Lafayette allegedly dined at Seth Allen Tavern in Union Village when visiting the United States in 1824-25.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous Federal-style houses, the "Smithfield Friends Meeting House, Parsonage & Cemetery" (Quaker) and a large historic cemetery in the area. Wright&#39;s Farm on Woonsocket Hill Road has a popular dairy and pastry shop.</p><br>
<p>A 16 acre area of the village in North Smithfield, between Westwood Road and Woonsocket Hill Road, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Emeline S. Burlingame, suffragist</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Downtown, also known as Downcity, is the central economic, political, and cultural district of the city of Providence, Rhode Island. It is bounded on the east by Canal Street and the Providence River, to the north by Smith Street, to the west by Interstate 95, and to the south by Henderson Street. I-95 serves as a physical barrier between the city&#39;s commercial core and neighborhoods of Federal Hill, West End, and Upper South Providence. Most of the downtown is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Downtown Providence Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Weybossett Neck or Weybossett Side, Downtown was first settled by religious dissidents from the First Congregational Society in 1746. Their settlement was located near present-day Westminster Street.</p><br>
<p>Downtown did not witness substantial development until the early 19th century, when Providence began to compete with Newport, Rhode Island. British forces had destroyed much of Newport during the American War for Independence, making the city&#39;s merchants vulnerable to competition from Providence. This prevented the development of a commercial district along the western bank of the Providence River.</p><br>
<p>During the industrialization of the late 19th century, an ever-expanding railroad industry emanating from Union Station, eventually resulted in the complete paving over of the Great Salt Cove and the two branches of the Providence River. The result of decades of expansion was the isolation of the state capitol from the rest of downtown by an imposing mass of railroad tracks, often called locally the "Chinese Wall". As rail traffic dropped off, 75 percent by 1980, city planners saw an opportunity to open up central land for development and unify downtown with the Capitol. A new, smaller train station was built in 1986 a half mile north of its predecessor, and tracks were removed or routed underground.</p><br>
<p>The new land precipitated a massive remaking of the character of the citys downtown. From 1975 until 1982, under Mayor Vincent Cianci, Jr, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds from were invested. Roads were removed and the citys natural rivers were opened up and lined with a cobblestone-paved park called Waterplace Park in 1994, which is now host to popular WaterFire festivals. Private and public developments followed and the new area adjacent to the Capitol became known as Capitol Center.</p><br>
<p>Ushered in by the construction of the new train station (1986), the development of the new land brought new buildings: The Gateway Building (1990), One Citizens Plaza (1991), Center Place (1992), a Westin hotel and Providence Convention Center (1993), Providence Place Mall (1999), Courtyard Marriott (2000), GTECH headquarters (2006), The Residences at the Westin (2007), Waterplace condominiums (2007), and Capitol Cove still under construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Renaissance Providence Hotel opened in Masonic Temple building, which had been abandoned amidst the Great Depression a half century prior.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the Providence Plan, a local nonprofit aimed at improving city life, 64% of residents are white and 8.6% are Asian, both above the citywide averages of 54.4% and 6.2% respectively. 12% of the population is African-American, 11% is Hispanic, and 1% is Native American. 43% of public school children speak a language other than English as their primary language.</p><br>
<p>The median family income is $42,558, over $10,000 above the citywide average. 14% of families live below the poverty line while nearly 3.7% receive some form of public assistance.</p><br>
<p>15% of children under the age of six have been exposed to high quantities of lead.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>From north to south, Downtown includes portions of Wards 12, 13, 11. These wards are represented in the Providence City Council by Terrance Hassett, John J. Lombardi, and Balbina A. Young. All three councillors are Democrats. Hassett currently serves as the majority leader.</p><br>
<p>Providence City Hall is located at 25 Dorrance Street, at the corner of Dorrance and Washington Street. It is immediately next to Kennedy Plaza and the Biltmore Hotel. It houses the City Council, the Mayor&#39;s Office, and the offices of some municipal agencies.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island State House is located on Smith Street at the northern edge of Downtown. It includes the chambers of the Rhode Island General Assembly and the Governor&#39;s Office.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Department of Education is headquartered in the Shepard Building at 255 Westminster Street.</p><br>
<h2>Universities</h2><br>
<p>Various universities have facilities in Downtown Providence. These include:</p><br>
<p>Brown University has recently bought several properties in the Jewelry District.</p><br>
<p>Johnson & Wales University has its central and largest campus in Downtown. This campus includes Johnson & Wales School of Business, School of Technology, College of Arts and Science and School of Hospitality.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), though centered along the western slope of College Hill, has extensive facilities in Downtown. These include the RISD Library, founded in 1878. It is located at 15 Westminster Street.</p><br>
<p>Roger Williams University includes a small campus in Downtown.</p><br>
<p>The University of Rhode Island&#39;s Feinstein Providence campus is centered at 80 Washington Street with other facilities in the Shepard building. The program is named for Rhode Island philanthropist Alan Shawn Feinstein.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League and the Providence College Friars mens basketball team play out of the Dunkin Donuts Center (formerly the Providence Civic Center) at 1 LaSalle Square.</p><br>
<h2>Arts</h2><br>
<p>As part of the revitalization of Providence, the administrations of Mayors Vincent Cianci and David Cicilline have promoted Providence, especially Downtown, as an artistic center. WaterFire has become perhaps the most visible symbol of Providence&#39;s development into an artistic center. Waterfire is an environmental art event created by Barnaby Evans that includes bon fires, gondolas, and music. This event has become a major attraction for both Rhode Islanders and tourists.</p><br>
<p>Downtown includes two centers for the performing arts, the Providence Performing Arts Center and Trinity Repertory Company.</p><br>
<p>Downtown is also home to AS220, a non-profit community arts center that includes fifty-three artist live/work studios, four galleries, a performance space, a black box theatre, a dance studio, a bar and restaurant, a makerspace consisting of a printshop, fab lab, media arts lab and darkroom, and a free after-school arts education program for youth.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Providence has numerous 19th-century mercantile buildings in the Federal and Victorian architectural styles, as well as several post-modern and modernist buildings that are located throughout this area. In particular, a fairly clear spatial separation appears between the areas of pre-1980s development and post-1980s development. Fountain Street and Exchange Terrace serve as rough boundaries between the two.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Providence contains three parks:</p><br>
<p>Burnside Park is located adjacent to Kennedy Plaza. At its center is an equestrian statue of American Civil War general, Rhode Island governor, United States Senator Ambrose Burnside. Adjacent to the park is an outdoor ice skating rink, the Alex and Ani City Center.</p><br>
<p>Waterplace Park extends from the Great Salt Cove to the Riverwalk along the Providence River. The park hosts WaterFire festivals.</p><br>
<p>Station Park, a green space adjacent to the Providence Amtrak Station.</p><br>
<p>In addition, Veterans Memorial Park and Market Square, along the border between Downtown and College Hill, are sometimes counted as Downtown parks.</p><br>
<h2>Central Downtown</h2><br>
<p>The historic part of downtown has many streetscapes that look as they did eighty years ago. Most of the state&#39;s tallest buildings are found in this area. The largest structure, to date, is the art-deco-styled 111 Westminster Street (formerly Industrial Trust Tower), at 426 feet (130 m). By contrast, nearby to it is the second tallest One Financial Center (Sovereign Bank Tower), designed in modern taut-skin cladding, constructed a half century later. In between the two is 50 Kennedy Plaza. The Textron Tower is another core building in the Providence skyline. Downtown is also the home of the Providence Biltmore hotel and the Westminster Arcade, the oldest enclosed shopping mall in the USA, built in 1828.</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Plaza is a major business and transportation hub. Surrounding the plaza are Providence City Hall, Burnside Park, the Bank of America Building, One Financial Center, 50 Kennedy Plaza, Bank of America Ice Skating Rink, and the US District Court building. The plaza itself includes the central station for the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) and a police substation.</p><br>
<p>The Irupu Falls  ಇರ್ಪು ಜಲಪಾತ are located in the Brahmagiri Range in the Kodagu district of Karnataka, India, bordering the Wayanad district of Kerala. It is a fresh water cascade and is situated at a distance of 48 km from Virajpet on the highway to Nagarhole. The Falls are also known as the Lakshmana Tirtha Falls, derived from the name of the tributary of Cauvery which starts from these falls, the Lakshmana Tirtha River.</p><br>
<p>A forest trail leads from these falls to the Brahmagiri Peak in Southern Kodagu. Irupu falls is a major tourist attraction as well as a pilgrimage spot. A famous Shiva temple, the Rameshwara Temple is situated on the banks of the Lakshmana Tirtha River, en route to the Falls. This temple attracts a large number of pilgrims during the festival of Shivaratri.</p><br>
<h2>The legend</h2><br>
<p>According to popular legend, Rama and Lakshmana, passed along the Bhramagiri range whilst searching for Rama&#39;s beloved, Sita. When Rama asked Lakshmana to fetch him drinking water, Lakshmana shot an arrow into the Brahmagiri hills and brought into being the river Lakshmana Tirtha. Due to this legend, the Falls is believed to possess the power to cleanse sins and is visited by thousands of devotees on Shivaratri day.</p><br>
<h2>How to reach</h2><br>
<p>The best time to visit the Falls is during the monsoons, when the Falls is at full capacity and is a breathtaking sight. Irupu is situated at 48 km from Virajpet, 260 km from Bangalore and 120 km from Mysore. The Falls can be visited by the highway from Gonikopal to Nagerhole National Park off the Kutta Road after Srimangala.</p><br>
<h3>By air</h3><br>
<p>Nearest is the Mysore Airport (113 KM) may also be used to reach the Falls.</p><br>
<p>Calicut International Airport (146 KM). Road passes through Wayanad and Ghat sections.</p><br>
<h2>Other places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Abbey Falls</p><br>
<p>Jog Falls</p><br>
<p>The Thomas McDowell House is located on Lake Road in the Little Britain section of the Town of New Windsor in Orange County, New York, United States. It was built c. 1770 by McDowell, an early settler of the area, and was later rented out by his descendants to prominent local weaver James Alexander. In 2004 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the last surviving homes built by the original Little Britain settlers, a mostly Irish group that had survived a difficult sea voyage to the New World, and the only one that remains mostly in its original form. Some later residents left behind reminders of the tastes of later eras.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The main house is a -story three-bay main block with a one-story, three-bay kitchen wing on the west and a smaller, newer bedroom wing to the north. Both are built of heavy-hewn post and beam framing and sided in clapboard with a fieldstone foundation. Both the main block and the kitchen wing have medium-pitched gabled roofs, with the latter&#39;s flaring out to the rear, producing a saltbox effect. Cedar shakes cover both roofs.</p><br>
<p>The south-facing front facades of both blocks feature windows and an entrance in the westernmost bay. The main block&#39;s door is a board-and-batten piece that retains its original ironwork. There is a single window on the west elevation; on the east is a three-sided projecting bay window added later on. A brick chimney comes up from the roof at the west.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the original side-hall floor plan is intact. Besides the board-and-batten doors, however, many of the finishings and decoration are of later vintage, possibly the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Three other contributing resource are located on the property. Two are buildings, an 1870 carriage barn and a smaller shed known as the "garden studio". Both are wood. The last is a structure, the section of the original stone wall around the south and west sides of the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that McDowell built the house around 1770; although no records exist to show this, deeds do show that it was that year he acquired 34 acre from James Humphrey. McDowell was the son of James McDowell, a native of County Longford in Ireland who was one of the few survivors of a malnutrition-plagued Atlantic crossing in 1729 funded by Charles Clinton, grandfather of future New York State governor DeWitt. Bound for Pennsylvania, the survivors landed instead in Cape Cod. Two years later, in 1731, they made their way to the Hudson Valley where they were the first settlers in the area they called Little Britain.</p><br>
<p>Thomas B. McDowell was 44 when he became the first owner of record in 1803. He may have added some of the interior decoration, such as a wooden mantelpiece typical of that era&#39;s Federal style homes. Sometime in the 1810s, he rented the house out to James Alexander, another Irish immigrant who was noted in histories of the period for his skill as a weaver. His son Joseph described the parcel as being about 60 acre at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 Thomas B. McDowell left the house to his son Alexander, who mortgaged it heavily to pay his debts. By this means it eventually became the property of Alfred Denniston, who probably added the east side&#39;s bay window. He sold it to Agnes Corwin in 1871. It remained in her family until the late 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The McDowell house is a -story "half-house", with minimal fenestration so as to better retain heat in the winter, very typical of English vernacular architecture in the rural Hudson Valley during the colonial period. The minimal detail from the original house shows the influence of the waning Georgian style. The house may also have been influenced by Thomas McDowell&#39;s brief sojourn in New England after his arrival in America.</p><br>
<p>Later styles are evident in some of the alterations. The wooden mantelpiece is a Federal hallmark, probably added during that style&#39;s rise in the early 19th century. The projecting bay window on the east is a common Picturesque feature, seen on many Hudson Valley homes built or modified around the middle of that century due to the influence of Newburgh resident Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>The Central Synagogue (Congregation Ahawath Chesed Shaar Hashomayim and is among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966</p><br>
<p>On Wednesdays at 12:45 p.m. a docent conducts a free tour, which begins at the front entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ahawath Chesed congregation was founded in 1846 on Ludlow Street in Manhattan by German-speaking Jews from Bohemia. It merged in 1898 with Congregation Shaar Hashomayim, which was founded by German Jews in 1839 on Albany Street. The combined congregation bought the lot at Lexington Avenue and East 55th Street and engaged Henry Fernbach, the country&#39;s first prominent Jewish architect, to design it.</p><br>
<p>The dramatic style of the building was the subject of much debate during the construction. Some felt its excess would inspire envy and stand in the way of assimilation.</p><br>
<p>After a fire in 1886, the building was restored by Ely Jacques Kahn.</p><br>
<p>The building was restored in the original style after an accidental fire in August 1998, which occurred just as a major renovation was being completed. The fire destroyed the roof and its supports. During the fire, the firefighters&#39; sensitivity for the building saved all but the central pane in the rose window that dominates the eastern (Lexington Avenue) wall. Marble plaques on the north wall of the foyer honor the firefighters of the 8th Battalion of the New York City Fire Department. The restoration of the building was supervised by Hugh Hardy of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer. Hardy restored some details to the interior that Ely Jacques Kahn had removed in the earlier restoration in 1886. The recent restoration was completed on September 9, 2001</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although the brownstone exterior is "the finest extant example of the Moorish Revival style in New York City", the plan of the interior is Gothic in nature. The exterior is dominated by two octagonal towers topped by globular domes, as well as by the rose window of geometric design. A small row of arches just below the cornice, at the roof line, adds to the richness of the facade. The north facade, on East 55th Street, features six stained-glass windows framed by Moorish arches. The interior is "stenciled with rich blues, earthy reds, ocher, and gilt &ndash; Moorish, but distinctly 19th century American."</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>Sensitive to the evolving interests and needs of the Reform Judaism community, Central Synagogue explores both traditional and alternative modes of prayer. In addition to daily morning minyan, Shabbat, holiday services, and celebrations of lifecycle events, the synagogue offers "Tot Shabbat" for children, and healing and community services.</p><br>
<h2>Notable clergy</h2><br>
<p>Angela Warnick Buchdahl, senior cantor from 2011-2014, senior rabbi since 2014</p><br>
<p>Deborah Prinz, assistant rabbi 1978-1981</p><br>
<p>Mo Glazman, senior cantor since 2014</p><br>
<p>Peter Rubinstein, senior rabbi from 1991-2014</p><br>
<p>Richard Botton, senior cantor from 1974-1998</p><br>
<p>Sheldon Zimmerman, senior rabbi from 1972-1985</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Jacob K. Javits, United State Senator</p><br>
<p>Evelyn Lauder, Austrian American businesswoman, socialite and philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Lewis Rudin, real estate investor and develope</p><br>
<p>Laurence A. Tisch, businessman, Wall Street investor and billionaire</p><br>
<p>The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was a neutral buoyancy pool located at NASA&#39;s George C. Marshall Space Flight Center . Engineers and astronauts developed hardware and practiced procedures in this tank from its completion in 1968 through its decommissioning in 1997. Marshall recognized the need for underwater simulations of extra-vehicular activities  and developed three successively larger tanks for the purpose. The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator contributed significantly to the American manned space program. Skylab, the Space Shuttle, Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station have all benefited from the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator. Until Johnson Space Center constructed the Weightless Environment Test Facility in the mid-1970s, MSFC had the only NASA-owned test facility that allowed engineers and astronauts to become familiar with the dynamics of body motion under weightless conditions.</p><br>
<p>The water within the simulator was temperature controlled, continuously recirculated and filtered. Special systems were integrated into the tank for underwater audio and video, pressure-suit environmental control and emergency rescue and treatment. Life support was simultaneously provided by these systems for up to four pressure-suited subjects. Additional systems included data acquisition and recording, underwater lighting, special underwater pneumatic and electrical power operations of motor, valves, controls, and indicators that required for high fidelity and functional engineering mockups and trainers.</p><br>
<h2>Principles of operation</h2><br>
<p>Neutral buoyancy simulates the weightless environment of space.</p><br>
<p>One downside of using neutral buoyancy to simulate microgravity is the significant amount of drag presented by water. Generally, drag effects are minimized by doing tasks slowly in the water. Another downside of neutral buoyancy simulation is that astronauts are not weightless within their suits, thus, precise suit sizing is critical.</p><br>
<h2>Origins and first tank</h2><br>
<p>NASA has flown zero-g flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959, Project Mercury astronauts trained in a C-131 Samaritan aircraft, which was dubbed the "Vomit Comet". Airplane weightlessness is limited to 25 seconds at a time, which hampers efforts to practice EVAs which might last hours.</p><br>
<p>Prior to May 1960, NASA recognized the possibility of underwater neutral buoyancy simulations and began testing its efficacy. NASA engaged Environmental Research Associates of Baltimore to try neutral buoyancy simulations first in a pool near Langley Research Center. Visitors and other issues disturbed those efforts, and they moved the operation to McDonogh School where Scott Carpenter was the first astronaut to participate suited. Then, after difficult EVAs through Gemini 11 in mid-September 1966, the Manned Spacecraft Center fully understood the importance of testing procedures underwater and sent the Gemini 12 crew to train at McDonogh.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, MSFC was looking ahead to the Apollo Applications Program which would involve EVAs to convert a mostly-empty S-IVB rocket stage into a space station, and the people designing the hardware needed a thorough understanding of the challenges of weightlessness. Charlie Cooper at MSFC theorized that neutral buoyancy exercises could help with EVA planning while he was reviewing film of the Gemini 4 EVA. He and Charles D. Stocks pursued the idea with a couple of NASA scuba suits and an 8 ft diameter, 8 ft deep pool which had been previously used for forming metal parts explosively. November 1965 tests included removal of the ST-124 and a J-2 engine propellant utilization valve - early steps in a nascent Skylab mission, then called S-IVB orbital workshop.</p><br>
<h2>Second tank</h2><br>
<p>After the utility of the technique had been demonstrated, in January 1966, workers repurposed a larger explosive forming tank for neutral buoyancy testing. The larger pool was 25 ft diameter, 15 ft deep. A 10 ft tall 35 ft diameter damaged Saturn V corrugated section with a conical roof atop enclosed the now-heated facility with adequate lighting and more room for larger hardware than the initial tank.</p><br>
<p>The budget for the second tank was especially tight. It included a swimming pool filter from Sears and a tap into an adjacent steam line for water heat. Algae engaged chemists for nearly a year to find an appropriate balance of chemicals for the unique arrangement.</p><br>
<p>Initial tests again focused on S-IVB workshop: airlock ingress and egress, and S-IVB hatch cover removal.</p><br>
<p>The second tank saw astronaut training in pressure suits beginning with the Navy Mark IV. The MSFC Manufacturing Engineering (ME) lab developed a constant pressure valve which "made it possible to maintain neutral buoyancy at any depth." Divers first tried the Mark IV in the tank in July 1966, and Alan Bean spent two hours "executing typical astronaut activities" in the tank on September 6, 1966. Bean was "quite enthusiastic and outspoken about neutral buoyancy as one of the mandatory methods of simulation for all the S-IVB Workshop experiments," according to Manufacturing Engineering director W. R. Kuers. Stocks, the controller for that exercise, reported Bean&#39;s dive began with a leaky glove followed by his Mark IV suit tearing under the arm and requiring diver-assisted evacuation. Bean proceeded with exercises in regular scuba gear.</p><br>
<p>By early 1967, the schedule for the simulator was full. Though Alan Bean had visited and consulted on the project, the intent of the simulator was not astronaut training but to verify that "the MSFC developed hardware is safe, simple to handle, accessible, and trouble-free," wrote F. Belew in his March 13 report to von Braun. Focus at this time was largely on early development of procedures for the Apollo Applications Program. Due in large part to Bean&#39;s enthusiasm for the project, the Manned Spacecraft Center coordinated with MSFC to provide two astronauts on an as-needed basis, medical support, crew quarters, and safety consultations for simulations.</p><br>
<p>In the same report, Belew said that people found it necessary to use both hands for most tasks - one to do the work and the other to provide leverage for the work. He also outlined plans for a third tank to be installed in building 4706.</p><br>
<h2>Foundations for a third tank</h2><br>
<p>It was clear early on that a larger simulator was necessary for testing procedures with Skylab (21.67 ft diameter by 24.3 ft high) and other hardware in the pipeline. It was also clear that its construction would require some creative financing and political maneuvering. In his September 12, 1966 memo to Wernher von Braun, Kuers disclosed, " had apparently been told of our plans regarding the new large neutral buoyancy type simulator, and in response to his point blank questions regarding this, he was candidly shown the design blueprints by responsible ME personnel. Consequently, Houston is now aware."</p><br>
<p>There was no budget for additional facilities, so managers decided to modify an existing facility by building a tank within it using tooling funds and in-house fabricators. Stocks explained, "All we had was the Directors Discretionary funds available at the time. We were not allowed to construct a new building for the tank, so a leak was discovered under the model and prototype building. This leak required about 8 ft of concrete under the floor to repair." Thus the foundation of building 4706 was prepared in July 1967, to support a tank holding 1,300,000 gal of water.</p><br>
<p>Ed Buckbee wrote that the funding irregularities "prompted a GAO (Government Accountability Office) audit and reprimand, but contributed to the Marshall lore of creativity and pragmatism in getting the job done."</p><br>
<h2>Third tank</h2><br>
<p>Welding of the new tank took place in October and November 1967, after which a 40 ft deep, 75 ft diameter pool was nearly ready. Remaining work, according to Kuers&#39; November 20 report, included installation of a "two-ton hoist, a breathing air system, a scuba cylinder filling system, a new recompression chamber, the installation of the instrumentation in a trailer to be located between Buildings 4706 and 4705, the procurement and the installation of a diving bell and airlock and the design, procurement and installation of an elevator to operate between ground floor and the upper platform and to be used for the movement of both people and equipment."</p><br>
<p>Final preparations for testing took several more months. Engineers elected to fill the tank slowly to be able to repair any leaks found along the way, and they filled it, finding and fixing a few leaks, between February 29 and March 11, 1968. Thus readied, workers began installing test equipment. Workers had to develop new techniques to assemble parts underwater because of the low clearance between the top of the tank and the enclosing building&#39;s roof.</p><br>
<p>With the prospect of astronauts diving in pressure suits, the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center), introduced a new level of safety to MSFC in the form of an Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) committee which evaluated the facility for safety concerns. The committee was formed in December 1967. They carried out inspections and oversaw exercises to demonstrate readiness for a variety of contingencies. After nearly a year of a full tank, the procedures were ready for suited astronauts.</p><br>
<p>The first suited astronaut dive in the new tank was an exercise to develop Apollo Telescope Mount film retrieval techniques. Paul Weitz and Joseph Kerwin donned Apollo A5L suits (predecessor to the Apollo/Skylab A7L) and practiced film retrieval by both parallel rails and the trolley system while Edward Gibson observed in scuba gear on March 4, 1969. Their experiences led to a tether restraint system, heat exchanger in the space suit air supply, adjusting the umbilical so that it was neutrally buoyant, tweaks to the weighting system for the A5L suit, and a new foot restraint design.</p><br>
<p>With the addition of trailers for control and dressing rooms between buildings 4705 and 4706, the combination became referred to as building 4705.</p><br>
<h2>1969 to 1997</h2><br>
<p>Engineers used the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator for working out kinks in designs, and astronauts provided feedback from their experiences in the simulator. For example, on August 6 and 7, 1969, astronauts Owen Garriott, Walter Cunningham, and Rusty Schweickart evaluated the Apollo Telescope Mount EVA film retrieval system.</p><br>
<p>The simulator&#39;s hyperbaric chamber saw its first use for its intended purpose the night of September 24–25, 1969, when a TVA worker suffering decompression sickness near Knoxville was airlifted to MSFC for treatment arriving about midnight. NASA and TVA doctors attended treatments. The first round of treatment provided some improvement for the diver, but recovery was slow as of October 20. The patient had suffered a lesion on his spine and subsequent paralysis from the waist down. Sensory perception was returning, but not motor function.</p><br>
<p>Astronauts performed Skylab training at the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator in the early 1970s. Astronauts Conrad and Kerwin prepared for their Skylab 2 EVA missions by simulating their requirements in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator before proceeding with the repairs in outer space.</p><br>
<p>The crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-41-C spent months training for the capture, repair, and release of the Solar Max satellite including practicing using the Manned Maneuvering Unit.</p><br>
<p>The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Engineers continued to develop procedures and astronauts continued to train in the simulator for the Hubble Space Telescope missions, and International Space Station assembly through the tank&#39;s decommissioning in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Isle-aux-Grues  is an island situated on the Saint Lawrence River, measuring about 7 kilometres long and 2 kilometres wide. It is the only inhabited island among the twenty-one which make up the Isle-aux-Grues archipelago. Politically, it lies within Saint-Antoine-de-l&#39;Isle-aux-Grues.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island has an airstrip which is the only access to the island during the winter. Isle-aux-Grues is also served by a ferry during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Children from Isle-aux-Grues attend school in Montmagny, Quebec, travelling by plane each day.</p><br>
<h2>Person connected to the island</h2><br>
<p>The Franco-Canadian painter Jean-Paul Riopelle died on the island on 12 March 2002.</p><br>
<h2>May 2010 plane crash</h2><br>
<p>On May 19, 2010 at about 3:30 p.m. Eastern time, a Cessna 172 airplane carrying four people crashed on Isle-aux-Grues, killing three people initially. The fourth later died in hospital.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Fish House, also known as the Stuyvesant Fish House and Nicholas and Elizabeth Stuyvesant Fish House, is where Hamilton Fish , future Governor and Senator of New York, was born and resided from 1808 to 1838. It is located at 21 Stuyvesant Street, a diagonal street within the Manhattan street grid, between East 9th Street and East 10th Street in the East Village neighborhood of New York City. It is owned by Cooper Union and used as a residence for the college&#39;s president.</p><br>
<p>The brick Federal style house, which was unusually wide for its time was built by Peter Stuyvesant, the great-grandson of Petrus Stuyvesant, around 1804 as a wedding present to his daughter, Elizabeth, and his son-in-law, Nicholas Fish, parents of Hamilton. It was one of five houses owned by the family on their private lane. The land had been the property of the family since the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the hands of Fish descendants until roughly the turn of the 20th century. It served for a time as a rooming house thereafter before undergoing restoration in the 1960s. It also lies within the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commissions St. Marks Historic District which surrounds the nearby St. Mark&#39;s Church in-the-Bowery.</p><br>
<p>The house is of national significance as the only surviving home of Hamilton Fish, who played an important role in the leadership of the nation as its Secretary of State during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant. Fish was a moderating and moral force in Grant&#39;s scandal-plagued tenure, and successfully negotiated the 1871 Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, ushering in an enduring period of peace and cooperation between the two countries.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Insurance Building, New York, located at 51 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, across from Madison Square Park, is the headquarters of the New York Life Insurance Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed in 1926 by Cass Gilbert, who also designed the landmark Woolworth Building, the massive building, which was inspired by Salisbury Cathedral, rises forty stories to its pyramidal gilded roof and occupies the full block between 26th and 27th Streets, Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South, a rarity in Manhattan. The building stands 615 ft tall and contains 40 floors. It was the last significant Gilbert skyscraper in Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>From 1837&ndash;1889, the site was occupied by the Union Depot of the New York and Harlem and the New York and New Haven Railroads, a concert garden, and P.T. Barnums Hippodrome. Until 1925, the site housed the first two Madison Square Gardens, the second one designed by architect Stanford White.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1928 after two years of construction at the cost of $21 million. The building was designated an official New York City landmark by the city&#39;s Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, designated in 1972. In 1995, after the pyramid was restored with new tiles and lit, the building received a Merit Citation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Insurance Company still maintains its headquarters in the building. It has leased extra office space through Cushman and Wakefield since 2004.</p><br>
<p>Gjegnen, or Blånibba, is the highest mountain in the municipality of Bremanger in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 1,670 m mountain has a topographic prominence of 1,460 m, the fifth-highest prominence in Norway. The glacier Gjegnalundsbreen lies directly to the east of the mountain. The mountain is about 10 km southeast of Ålfoten in Bremanger and about 22 km northwest of Sandane in neighboring Gloppen municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The name Gjegnen is a definite noun derived from the adjective gjegn which means "straight" or "direct". The top of this prominent mountain was used to find and hold the direction for travellers. The alternate name Blånibba is a compound of the words blå ("blue") and the definite form of nibbe (mountain peak).</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art is located in Augusta, Georgia, in the home of former Augusta Mayor and United States Senator Nicholas Ware. Olivia Herbert founded the Institute in 1937. The original name for the Institute was the Augusta Art Club; it was later renamed in memorial to Olivia Herbert&#39;s daughter, Gertrude Herbert Dunn. The two primary missions of the Institute are art education and visual arts exhibition.</p><br>
<h2>Education activity</h2><br>
<p>Facilitating the art education mission of the Institute is a certification by the Georgia Council of Arts as a Teacher Professional Learning (TPL) provider current as of 2007. Among other certified providers is Emory University.</p><br>
<h2>Ware's Folly: The building housing the Institute</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the home in which the Institute is housed was completed in 1818. The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building bears the nickname Ware&#39;s Folly, which derives from the high cost of the construction, $40,000 in 1818 or c. $12,000,000 in 2007, and the extravagant interior detailing.</p><br>
<p>The D. W. Waters Career Center is a magnet high school located in Tampa, Florida. On May 15, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as the Old Hillsborough County High School.</p><br>
<p>Built in the citys Tampa Heights neighborhood in 1911 at a cost of $60,000, the old Hillsborough County High School building served what was then the countys only high school. Architect William Potter designed the three story masonry block building as a closed rectangle with an open center (since then it has been almost entirely filled). This was the third campus in the school&#39;s history and remained its home until 1928, when Hillsborough High School moved to its fourth and current campus ("County" was dropped from the name as by then the county had built an additional high school, Henry B. Plant High School).</p><br>
<p>The building has served other schools since then, including Jefferson High School, which was founded there in 1939 and called the building home until 1967. The school had a large Hispanic and Italian population due to students who were from the Latino communities of Ybor City and West Tampa. After that it housed the former George Washington Junior High School until that institution was closed in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Today the historic building continues its educational use as the home of D.W. Waters Career Center, a Hillsborough County Public Schools center for 11th grade and 12th grade students which focuses on occupational training. It benefited from a major restoration in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Cultural Center, known also as Sacred Heart Catholic Church, is an events center and a former Roman Catholic Church located in Augusta, Georgia. It is one of the more notable and recognized landmarks in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built by Jesuit priests and its first service was on December 2, 1900. The church had been in Augusta for 70 years, until it closed in 1971 due to modern suburban advancements. While the building was vacant, it endured much vandalism and was near destruction.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Knox Foundation renovated the building and opened as a vibrant center of the city for cultural events.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Cultural Center hosts special events such as wine festivals, choral concerts, Christmas events, and an annual garden festival. Artwork is exhibited on a regular basis in the Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Town Creek Indian Mound  is a prehistoric Native American archaeological site located near present-day Mount Gilead, Montgomery County, North Carolina, in the United States. The site, whose main features are a platform mound with a surrounding village and wooden defensive palisade, was built by the Pee Dee, a South Appalachian Mississippian culture people  that developed in the region as early as 980 CE. They thrived in the Pee Dee River region of North and South Carolina during the Pre-Columbian era. The Town Creek site was an important ceremonial site occupied from about 1150—1400 CE. It was abandonded for unknown reasons. It is the only ceremonial mound and village center of that culture located within North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Pee Dee were part of a larger complex society known for building earthwork mounds for spiritual and political purposes. They participated in a widespread network of trading that stretched from Georgia through South Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and as well as the mountain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina. The Town Creek site is not large by Mississippian standards. The earthwork mound was built over the remains of a rectangular-shaped earth lodge. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark on October 15, 1966 as reference number 66000594.</p><br>
<p>The site is the only national historic landmark in North Carolina that commemorates American Indian culture. It is owned by the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and is operated by the Division of State Historic Sites. Today the Pee Dee people are based in South Carolina, where the state has recognized four bands and one group.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Pee Dee people built their mound on a low bluff at the confluence of Town Creek and the Little River. The Town Creek site was a major center of Pee Dee habitation, religion and trade. Discussions regarding trade among the local clans were held at Town Creek. Many of the highest-ranking members of the tribe lived, died, and were buried at Town Creek; the elite served both political and religious roles. The site in Montgomery County was the location of important religious ceremonies and tribal feasts.</p><br>
<p>The clans in the surrounding area would gather at Town Creek for periodic gatherings known as "busks". During a busk, the temple, homes, and grounds of the village were cleaned and repaired as needed. Debts and grievances were resolved. Ritual purification ceremonies took place at Town Creek Indian Mound. The ceremonies included fasting, bathing, the ingestion of cathartic medicine, and ritual scratching of the skin with the teeth of the garfish. The busk gathering concluded with a celebration known as a poskito, in which the neighboring tribes feasted on new corn. The clans would return to their villages with embers from the sacred fire to stoke their hearths. Scholars believe that the sharing of the fire symbolized unity among the Pee Dee.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologic excavation began at Town Creek in 1927 on an amateur basis before professional archaeologists took over in 1937 as a Works Progress Administration (WPA)-funded project during the Great Depression. The scholarly excavations continued regularly until 1987. In the years prior to 1927, local residents had known the site to be a place to collect Indian arrowheads and other relics. With little knowledge of archaeological practices, they likely caused some permanent damage to the site. The amateur group used a scraper pulled by a mule to uncover artifacts, including animal and human bones, and shards of pottery. Today excavations continue on a limited basis.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the land was owned by L. D. Frutchey. He allowed exploratory work to begin in 1937 by a team from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, funded by the Works Progress Administration of the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. Frutchey donated the mound and about an acre of surrounding land to the state of North Carolina, and it was called Frutchey State Park for several years. The name was changed to Town Creek in the 1940s, and it has been administered by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Town Creek was the first state historic site to be developed for interpretation for visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Pee Dee left no written record, meaning that archaeology was vital in uncovering their history. Dr. Joffre Coe of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill was the lead archaeologist at Town Creek beginning in 1937. Dr. Coe and his team uncovered various artifacts and burial vaults, and also found the remains of the defensive palisade that once surrounded Town Creek Indian Mound. Evidence suggests this palisade was rebuilt at least five times.</p><br>
<p>Further excavations revealed that the mound, which had not been destroyed over the years despite widespread farming in the area, was the site of three separate structures. The earliest structure was a rectangular earth lodge that had collapsed with age. The second structure was built over the fallen lodge; it was a temple. After the temple burned, the Pee Dee built another ceremonial structure on the same spot. This building had an eastward-facing ramp that provided access to the surrounding plaza.</p><br>
<p>The flat, graded plaza in front of the mound served as the site for ceremonies and other public meetings. The archaeologists discovered the remains of several support buildings in the vicinity of the plaza, including a burial and mortuary house. It is believed that the burial house was significant for a specific clan. The mound, burial, mortuary houses and many family homes were surrounded by a protective palisade. The remains of two gates and guard towers have been discovered on the north and south ends of the palisade, with archaeological evidence pointing to the successive construction and destruction of at least five protective walls. This is a pattern seen at other Mississippian sites, such as Cahokia, a major center located in present-day southwestern Illinois near Saint Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>A total of 563 burials have been found at Town Creek Indian Mound; they are believed to be Pee Dee people. Many of the burial sites appear to have been fairly simple and common, with the bodies casually placed in the graves. Some were found buried with their bodies fully extended, while others may have been re-buried in a bundle of bones. The remains of young children and infants have been found tightly wrapped in deerskins and placed within large pottery vessels archeologists have called burial urns.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Coe served as the lead archaeologist for Town Creek Indian Mound for more than 50 years. His extensive work at Town Creek has led to development of deep knowledge about the past of Town Creek. Traditionally, historic excavations had taken place over a much shorter period of time, with the artifacts being removed to a distant research facility. Dr. Coe maintained his center of operations at Town Creek for over 50 years, allowing him to establish a consistent plan of research and study.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The state has developed several facilities at Town Creek Indian Mound that are open to the public. It built a reconstructed ceremonial center, restoring the platform mound and reconstructing a temple on it, a minor temple, and the mortuary.</p><br>
<p>The visitor center houses interpretive exhibits, a gift shop, and audiovisual programs. The visitor center, minor temple, and mortuary are handicapped accessible. Several trails and outdoor monuments are located on the property. Fourteen picnic tables are located on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Group tours are available with advance scheduling. Groups are led through some hands-on activities. Various special events held throughout the year focus on the lifestyle of the Pee Dee. Self-guided tours of the rebuilt structures and mound occur during normal operational hours, and admission to Town Creek Indian Mound is free.</p><br>
<p>The Amelia Barr House, also known as Cherry Croft, is located on Mountain Road in Cornwall on Hudson, a village in Orange County, New York, United States. It is on the slopes of Storm King Mountain, near Storm King School. Barr, the most published American female writer born in the 19th century, lived here during the most prolific and successful period of her career.</p><br>
<p>Barr, an Englishwoman who came to the United States from Lancashire at the age of 19, moved to New York City in the early 1870s with her daughters from Galveston, Texas, after her husband and six of her nine children died of yellow fever. There she began to write fiction. In 1885, she and her daughters began spending summers at a boardinghouse in Cornwall. Her novels eventually became successful enough that, in 1891, she could afford to buy the cottage, previously rented by artist Abbot Handerson Thayer. After highly regarded local builders Mead and Taft renovated it extensively, she renamed it Cherry Croft, and accordingly most of her work from that time period came to be known as the Cherry Croft novels. She summered there until selling it in 1915, when she moved to White Plains to be cared for by her daughter Lilly.</p><br>
<p>Mead and White&#39;s renovations resulted in a 3,500-square foot (315 m²) three-storey home with six bedrooms, four bathrooms, library, living room and dining room. It has a 1,000-square foot (90 m²) wraparound porch. Barr had a turreted writing room added on upstairs for her use. The original fixtures and trim, including the window screens, are still in place. In 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It has been repainted in white and black from the brown with red trim Barr favored. After continuous occupation since Barr&#39;s day, in April 2006 it became vacant, and remains so, although work is actively being done on the house.</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul Roman Catholic Church in St. Paul, Oregon, United States, was the first church in Oregon to be built with bricks when it was constructed in 1846. It is the oldest brick building in the Pacific Northwest. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1836, French Canadian pioneers on the French Prairie in the Willamette Valley built a log cabin chapel along the Willamette River near the Methodist Mission. This structure was later moved to St. Paul and served as the church for the community until the current structure was built in 1846. After receiving permission from the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company, Blanchet moved south of the Columbia River and gave the first Mass in the Willamette Valley on January 6, 1839. While preaching to the Catholic community at that church, Blanchet lived behind the altar. On December 11, 1843, Pope Gregory XVI created an apostolic vicarate out of Oregon with Blanchet as the archbishop.</p><br>
<h2>New building</h2><br>
<p>After the original log structure burned down, parishioners decided to replace the old church with a brick structure. On May 24, 1846, the cornerstone was laid on the new red-brick building. Upon completion, Blanchet dedicated the new church building on November 1, 1846.</p><br>
<p>The Prague Hotel is located at 1402 South 13th Street on the southwest corner of South 13th and William Streets in the heart of the Little Bohemia neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by Joseph Guth and built in 1898, this building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, Vaclav Stepanek built the first Czech dance hall where Prague Hotel now stands. Gottlieb Storz built the Prague Hotel in 1898, as a three-story brick building that provided Nebraska&#39;s Czech immigrants with familiarities in their new country. It opened on June 1, 1898. In addition to a 25-room hotel, it included a restaurant and a tavern. A sign in the tavern window proclaimed in Czech, "Pražská Pivnice, Dámy Jsou Vítány", which translated to English meant "Prague Hotel, Ladies Are Invited". The tavern closed in 1942. For more than forty years it remained the only hotel catering to Bohemians between Chicago and the Pacific Coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the building was rehabilitated and converted into apartments. Local architectural firm Prochaska & Associates won awards for their renovation work on the building.</p><br>
<p>The National City Bank Building at 55 Wall Street between William and Hanover Streets in the Financial District of downtown Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1836-41 as the Merchants&#39; Exchange, replacing the previous exchange, which had opened in 1827 and burned down in the Great Fire of New York in 1835. The new building was designed by Isaiah Rogers in the Greek Revival style. The United States Custom House moved into the building in 1862 &ndash; with the conversion of the building overseen by William A. Potter &ndash; and occupied it until 1907, when it moved to the Alexander Hamilton USA Custom House at 1 Bowling Green.</p><br>
<p>After the Custom House left, James Stillman, president of National City Bank (predecessor bank of Citibank), arranged for his company to buy the building from the government to be their headquarters. Charles Follen McKim</p><br>
<p>55 Wall Street became the new home of National City Bank on December 19, 1908, when the bank moved across the street from 52 Wall Street. Stillman ordered that the building&#39;s Ionic colonnade be preserved and that the interior be remodeled to look like the Pantheon in Rome.</p><br>
<p>55 Wall Street served as Citibank&#39;s global headquarters from 1908 to 1961, when it moved to the newly completed 399 Park Avenue, one of the earlier migrations by Wall Street commercial and investment banks from downtown to midtown Manhattan. Years after the headquarters move, 55 Wall Street continued as a full service retail branch (still carrying the moniker Branch # 001), as well as a substantial location for private banking operations. The building served as the headquarters for the law firm of Shearman & Sterling, lead counsel for Citibank and the Rockefeller family for decades. The building was sold by Citibank in 1990 to private investors for $69 million. Citibank ended its branch banking presence at 55 Wall Street in 1992. It is currently owned by Cipriani.</p><br>
<p>Notable people who spent time at 55 Wall Street include President Chester A. Arthur, who worked as a customs collector in the 1870s, and writer Herman Melville worked as a customs inspector and wrote part of Moby Dick while working there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original building was designed by Boston architect Isaiah Rogers in the Greek Revival style and built in 1836-1842. The facade of the original four-story, Greek revival style featured twelve massive Ionic columns, each a single block of Quincy Granite.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, National City Bank, which subsequently became Citibank, commissioned architect Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to remodel the building for use as their headquarters. The architects added four stories to the building and superimposed a second colonnade of Corinthian columns above the original facade. They also redesigned the interior into an immense banking hall (at the time constituting the largest bank branch in the world measuring 188 feet in length and 124 feet in width, known as the Great Hall), featuring a sixty-foot-high central dome and offices at each corner. Monumental Corinthian columns support an elegant entablature that circles the space. The room features elegant gray marble floors and walls, a coffered ceiling, and delicate mezzanine railings.</p><br>
<p>According to Forbes magazine back in 1917, the branch at 55 Wall Street "does more business in its head office than is done under any other nongovernmental banking roof on the face of the earth."</p><br>
<p>The exterior of this building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1965. The building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 it was completely rebuilt as The Regent Wall Street Hotel. After the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, 55 Wall Street served as a relief center for workers and area residents. The hotel closed in 2003 due to lack of business after the 9/11 attacks. It has recently been renovated again and was converted to condos by the Cipriani S.A. empire of restaurants and ballrooms. The main banking hall "now serves as one of the most elegant ballrooms in the world", and has been called a "facility unequaled in America"</p><br>
<p>A curious remnant of the building&#39;s days as a customs house were the jail cells used to detain smugglers and spies. Also when National City Bank was doing renovations in 1908 it uncovered a cannonball embedded in a wall as well as keg of gunpowder and over 100 rudimentary bombs, believed to be armaments for Customs House employees during the New York City draft riots of 1863.</p><br>
<p>The Designated Landmark of New York City plaque was installed by the New York Landmarks Preservation Foundation in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building was the location for the finale of Jonathan Demme&#39;s 2004 film The Manchurian Candidate, and was also used as a backdrop for Die Hard with a Vengeance and The Dark Knight Rises.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House is a historic structure in the Hancocks Bridge section of Lower Alloways Creek Township, Salem County, New Jersey, United States. It was the site of the 1778 Hancocks Bridge massacre. The site is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1734 for Judge William and Sarah Hancock and features a blue glazed brick pattern, which gives the year of construction (1734) and the initials of the couple for whom it was built: W S for William and Sarah. William died in 1762 and passed the house to his son William, also a judge.</p><br>
<h2>Massacre</h2><br>
<p>On March 21, 1778, Major John Graves Simcoe led approximately 300 British soldiers and Queen&#39;s Rangers through a marsh and across Alloway Creek to surround Hancock House. At approximately 5 a.m., they entered the house and surprised 20 to 30 members of the local militia stationed there, along with Judge Hancock, a loyalist who was thought to be away for the night. Eight American men were killed during the melee, including Judge Hancock, who died the following day from 10 stab wounds. The rest were wounded at the scene or during a retreat, or captured as prisoners.</p><br>
<p>William Abbott and his son Samuel watched in the dawning light from the attic window of their home in Elsinboro, diagonally across the creek from the Hancock House, as the British and Tory soldiers pursued and killed the few American militiamen who had escaped the scene of the carnage at the house and surrounding yard. The next morning while driving to a meeting in Salem, several British and Tory troops surrounded the Abbott carriage, tormenting the occupants by thrusting their bayonets at them, then showed them blood on their steel weapons and exclaimed, "See the blood of your countrymen."</p><br>
<p>Other County Colonial lore states that, in the midst of the massacre, the pregnant wife of one of the local militia was sleeping in the Hancock House. She was awakened by the screams of the dying men and jumped from a second story window on the west side of the house to make her escape. Tradition says that, within twenty-four hours, the child was born and that descendants of that child are living in Lower Alloways Creek township today. The old Hancock House museum is said to still have actual massacre blood stains on its attic floor.</p><br>
<p>The A. J. Clark Store is located along Main Street in downtown Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a brick Italianate building dating from approximately 1875.</p><br>
<p>It has a two-foot (60 cm) parapet around its entire roof and a covered two-story porch looking out on the street. Inside, original period features such as a pressed-metal ceiling, hardwood floors, doors and staircase remain. There have been no significant changes to the building since its original construction.</p><br>
<p>Archer Clark built the building to house his butcher shop around 1875, after an 1870 fire destroyed his earlier quarters. It would continue in existence in that building for a century. Later, one of his descendants converted it into a delicatessen, and today another Clark does financial planning on the ground floor. In 1996 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an intact commercial building dating from Cornwall&#39;s days as a summer resort town in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Cornwall Friends Meeting House is a historic meeting house located on a 5.4 acre parcel of land at the junction of Quaker Avenue  and US 9W in Cornwall, New York, United States, near Cornwall-St. Luke&#39;s Hospital. It is both the oldest religious building in the town, and the first one built. In 1988 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a well-preserved, minimally-altered example of a late 18th-century Quaker meeting house.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1790, it emulates the doubled style of meeting house pioneered by Buckingham Friends Meeting House in Pennsylvania two decades earlier. David Sands-Ring, a local convert to the Religious Society of Friends and the son of a wealthy landowner, sponsored the construction of the meeting house. At first a branch of the Nine Partners meeting near present-day Millbrook in Dutchess County, it later became an independent congregation within the Society. Members also maintain the Smith Clove Meetinghouse in Highland Mills to the south of Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The property consists of the meeting house, a carriage house and cemetery. All are considered contributing resources to the Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The meeting house itself is a two-and-a-half-story four-bay white clapboard structure, set amid tall oak trees and set back slightly from the street. It has a full porch on the south (front) elevation, where separate entrances project at either end. Rough-hewn post-and-beam framing supports the house on a stone foundation. The gabled roof has a slight overhang but no decoration. A one-story wing with brick chimney rising from its metal-shingled roof extends from the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main floor is divided into two rooms of equal size, with a removable partition between them, an original feature found in many Quaker meeting houses of the period. The western half, used for services, features plain white benches along every wall facing the center of the room, where a Bible sits on a small table. The benches along the northern wall, reserved for elders, are slightly elevated. The east room, used for meetings and social gatherings, has a piano, folding tables and chairs and a library of Quaker reading. Two original stairs lead up to the upper story, formerly a gallery that overlooked the lower rooms. Much of the original work, including the bare ceiling, remains. The northeast wing contains a kitchen and two bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house is located to the east of the meeting house. It is a five-bay open-front structure, built of pegged and hewn timber framing with vertical siding. The structure is an early five-bay, open-front shed with pegged and hewn framing and vertical siding. The building is thirty-two feet east of the Meeting House, with the front of the open bays aligned with the back (or south) wall of the Meeting House. One of the bays has been enclosed for storage. The simple heart of this magnificent structure remains unmodified: massive posts and beams held together by hand-hewn pins. Along several of the supporting timbers, and on the far (east) wall, one can see evidence of restless horses’ gnawing on the wood. One may also see some century-old mischief, as children’s pen-knives have left such marks as “GTC: 1877.”</p><br>
<p>The cemetery, located to the northwest of the meeting house, contains graves dating to 1799. Not all of the 771 entombed are Quakers, as the cemetery was not restricted to congregants and it was the only one in Cornwall at the time. Early tombstones are of sandstone, with later markers of marble, reflecting changing trends in the 19th century. Funerary art is absent from graves of Quakers, per the faith&#39;s preference for simplicity, and minimal on non-Quaker resting places. The only exceptions are three 19th century headstones in the Quaker section with carvings of flowers, all the graves of children, and some early 20th century granite stones. The Cemetery is an active part of the Cornwall Monthly Meeting, the operation of which is overseen by the Cemetery Committee of the Meeting. Interments continue to take place, both of Quakers and others to whom the site holds a special claim.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cornwalls Quaker meeting originated with David Sands-Ring, the American-born son of a Presbyterian family that had settled in the area, after a stop in Sands Point, Long Island, following the seizure of its English landholdings by the Crown for religious reasons. At the age of 14, in 1759, the spiritually curious boy found himself drawn to the local Quaker population, whose religious thinking was close to his own. Along with Edward Hallock, another displaced Long Islander from the nearby hamlet of New Marlborough (todays Marlboro), he began attending meetings at the Nine Partners Meeting House across the river. He was admitted to that meeting upon attaining adulthood and married Hallock&#39;s daughter. Eventually Sands-Ring converted his entire family to his new faith.</p><br>
<p>Others in the area soon followed them, and in 1773 the Nine Partners meeting allowed Hallock and Sands-Ring to hold their own meetings, alternating between the two locations. The congregations continued to grow and three years later, in 1776, the Cornwall and New Marlborough meetings became separate "preparative meetings", their business still subject to Nine Partners approval. The Revolutionary War displaced more Long Island Quakers to Cornwall, and in 1788 it became a self-governing meeting. The next year a 10-acre (4 ha) parcel was deeded to the meeting for its house, as the Sands-Rings could no longer host the growing congregation.</p><br>
<p>Meeting members directed the construction of the house in 1790, the first religious building in Cornwall. Its exterior reflects contemporary trends in vernacular residential architecture; the interior arrangements were dictated by religious requirements. The Cornwall Meeting gave rise to preparative meetings of its own in the area, including Smith Clove, and Cornwall became its own Quarterly Meeting in 1816, ending its last tie with Nine Partners.</p><br>
<p>The Cornwall Quaker community was almost 500 strong, including most of Cornwalls prominent families, in 1825, when it along with the entire American Society of Friends was torn by the schism resulting from the influence of Elias Hicks. He represented mainstream Quakers who kept to the Societys traditional forms of worship, while those who disagreed with him, the Orthodox Quakers, had moved toward practices typical of mainstream Protestantism, such as worshipping in churches under the direction of ministers. Hicks&#39; supporters formed a majority of the Cornwall meeting, and the Orthodox, including the Sands family, left and built their own meeting house around 1829.</p><br>
<p>Over the rest of the 19th century the Quakers assimilated more into mainstream culture. The renovations made to the Cornwall meeting house reflect this trend, with not only new clapboard going on but the porch replacing what had been separate entrance lobbies for men and women. In the 1920s the north wing, with its kitchen facility, was added and in the 1950s the building was equipped with electrical and plumbing service. The original design of the Meeting Room featured a gallery above the main floor that occupied the front and two sides of the upper floor. However, after a fire in 1978 a ceiling was constructed over the Meeting Room. With the exception of this ceiling, the carpeting, the cushions on the benches and the paint on the walls, the Meeting Room itself is unchanged from the day it was built in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The doors on the extreme corners of the porch lead upstairs. The rare, slender stair rails, supported by square balusters, are distinctive from the late 1700s. The rail ends in a pronounced upturn. Along the walls may be seen New England-style tapered posts supporting the ceiling. These are called “gunstock” posts, due to their shape. The rough-hewn beams, over 200 years old, are visible from this room, as well as the original wood surrounding the windows.</p><br>
<p>Summer Island is an island in Lake Michigan. It is located 2.5 miles  miles off the southern tip of the Garden Peninsula in the USA state of Michigan. The island can easily be seen from Fairport, on the southern end of Delta County Road 483, the locally maintained extension of M-183, but the island is not accessible to the general public.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of the Niagara Escarpment archipelago in northwestern Lake Michigan. The highest point in Summer Island is 710 feet (217 m) above sea level, and 129 feet (40 m) above the level of the lake. One of the most prominent shoreline features of Summer Island is Gravel Point, a northern headland that stretches toward the Garden Peninsula mainland. More than one-half of the island is owned by the state of Michigan and is administered as part of Lake Superior State Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Summer Island Site</h2><br>
<p>On the island&#39;s northeast side, two shallow points protect Summer Harbor, a small maritime shelter and site of a former settlement.</p><br>
<p>Summer Harbor is adjacent to the location of an archeological landmark that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Summer Island Site. Pottery recovered here indicate that the island may have been inhabited since the Middle Woodland period (circa 1 CE - 500 CE).</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century, Summer Harbor was a fishing station for the harvesting of lake trout and whitefish, and also served as a place to live for a small corps of loggers that harvested the island&#39;s timber. In the early 20th century, Summer Harbor was again abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The Native American/Euro-American settlement site was excavated by archeologists in 1968–70.</p><br>
<p>Pine Hills is a sparsely populated hilly region located in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is a large, mostly undeveloped hilly and forested area lying south of Plymouth Beach and Chiltonville, north of Manomet, and east of Route 3, where the southern portion of the region can be accessed from Exit 3 , and the northern portion can be accessed from Exit 4. The area rises from Plymouth Bay at Rocky Point, which is considered to be located in the foothills of the region, and runs southwest. Route 3A winds through the heart of the Pine Hills. The region consists of the Rocky Point neighborhood in the north and The Pinehills, a new residential and commercial development in the extreme southern part of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Manomet Hill</h2><br>
<p>Manomet Hill is the highest peak in the Pine Hills . At 395 ft above sea level, it is the highest point in Plymouth County. Route 3A runs close to the peak. As the peak is on private property, it is closed to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Cleft Rock</h2><br>
<p>Cleft Rock is a rock formation located in the Pine Hills, known for the unique cleft that runs through its center. The rock formation is said to have been used as a lookout spot by the Native Americans, and it offers a panoramic view of Cape Cod Bay on a clear day.</p><br>
<p>It is located in an 8.7 acre park on Route 3A.</p><br>
<p>Castro Rocks are several rocks in Richmond, California protruding from the waters in San Francisco Bay between Castro Point and Red Rock Island.The rocks lie almost directly under the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge . The rocks are named after Don Víctor Castro a local rancho-era land owner.</p><br>
<p>Castro Rocks are the home of many harbor seals, which lie on them to rest and sunbathe. The rocks are the largest harbor seal rookery in the northern San Francisco Bay and the second largest in the Bay Area itself. There are also sometimes sea lions on the rocks. The rock&#39;s Harbor Seals also frequent Mowry Slough, Brooks Island, Yerba Buena Island, and Mare Island.</p><br>
<p>The seals at this location have high levels of toxic pollutants including the DDT, PCBs, PBDEs, PFOS, PFOA, and mercury.</p><br>
<p>Metalliko  is a settlement in the city of Kilkis, in northern Greece, located 6 km northwest of downtown Kilkis. In 2011 the settlement&#39;s population was 386. The village is named after a nearby spring of mineral water. Metalliko is 19 km south of Doirani, which is a border crossing into the Republic of Macedonia. Metalliko has a train station on the line from Thessaloniki to Serres and Alexandroupoli.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times (12th century BC), Phrygians founded the town Vragylos in the place where Metalliko now lies. Vragylos decayed during the Roman times. The area was ruled by the Ottomans until the Balkan Wars of 1913. It was inhabited by Turks, Bulgarians and Greeks at that time. It became a part of Greece in 1913 and was then settled by Greek refugees from Asia Minor and people from other parts of Greek Macedonia, many of them arrived during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922).</p><br>
<p>Many of the inhabitants of Metalliko were followers of the Greek Communist Party during the civil war which followed the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The Swan Lake Nature Study Area  is a small conservation area in Lemmon Valley, Nevada. It contains marsh, alkali mud flats, and high desert. The Lahontan Audubon Society describes it as "a nearly unspoiled wetland in the midst of suburban housing and warehouses" and designates it a Nevada Important Bird Area. It is a notable location for birding; over 150 species have been observed there.</p><br>
<p>The Swan Lake Nature Study Area consists of over 1,800 acre of land, with water supplied by the nearby Reno/Stead Sewage Treatment Plant. The size of the actual wetland varies seasonally and yearly, depending on the amount of precipitation, between 100 and 1,000 acre. It was formally dedicated as a nature study area in 1999, following several years of planning by Reno-area environmentalist/writer/photographer Bob Goodman. The lead organization in planning and creating the conservation area was the Nevada Army National Guard, which contributed about 360 acre and performed preliminary ecological studies. Other sponsoring organizations include: the Bureau of Land Management; the City of Reno; the Lahontan Audubon Society; Nevada Division of Wildlife; the Nevada Land Conservancy; Washoe County Parks and Recreation Department; and Washoe County School District. Features include an observational boardwalk into the marsh and educational signs about the local ecology.</p><br>
<p>Swan Lake is located in the midst of the rapidly developing suburbs of Stead and Lemmon Valley, near Peavine Peak north of Reno. According to a 1995 study, humans have lived in the area since as early as 400 AD; Native American artifacts attributed to the Washoe people have been found in the area, indicating it to have been a wintering site.</p><br>
<p>The United Charities Building, also known as United Charities Building Complex, at 105 East 22nd Street or 287 Park Avenue South, in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, near the border of the Flatiron District, was built in 1893 by John Stewart Kennedy, a wealthy banker, for the Charity Organization Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charity Organization Society was something like a "Charity Trust", in that it represented the combined resources of many Protestant charities, including more than a thousand prominent families and over 500 churches and societies. The United Charities Building also housed others of Kennedys favorite charities, including the Charity Organization Society, Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the Childrens Aid Society, and the New York Mission and Tract Society, providing them with a low cost location for their operations. Other charities were allowed to rent space at below market rates. In 1891, the New York City Consumers&#39; League, founded by Josephine Shaw Lowell, Helen Campbell &ndash; author of the 1882 book The Problem of the Poor &ndash; and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, established its offices in the building.</p><br>
<p>R. H. Robertson, who designed the building, assisted by the firm of Rowe & Baker, was selected by Kennedy as the architect because of his extensive experience with charitable buildings, including the YWCA on East 15th Street. James Baker, Robertson&#39;s nephew, may have worked on some of the original exterior, but did do the later additions to the building in 1897, when the original mansard roof was removed and three stories were added to the original seven, and in 1915, when a four-story addition at 111 East 22nd was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Although the main building still houses some charitable organizations, such as the Community Service Society, today it is used for multiple purposes. The northern part of the main building, which had been partitioned from the rest and renamed the Kennedy Building, is now apartments, while the 22nd Street extension became the headquarters for the Dockworkers&#39; Union in 1946. The union sold the building in the 1980s and it was converted for commercial use.</p><br>
<p>The complex was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991, and is part of a proposed extension to the Gramercy Park Historic District. However, architecturally the building is described in the AIA Guide to New York City as "bulky and boring", with the comment that "even Robertson could occasionally produce a bland product." The building sits across 22nd Street from the headquarters of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, which was built in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Lake Connewarre , a shallow estuarine 880 hectare lake on the Barwon River, is located on the Bellarine Peninsula southeast of Geelong in the Australian state of Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>It is adjacent to, and downstream from, the freshwater Reedy Lake. Lake Connewarre is linked to the sea by the mangrove-fringed channel of the lower Barwon River estuary, resulting in the lake being subject to tidal flows, with a weir at the inflow to the lake preventing saline water progressing upstream.</p><br>
<p>Lake Connewarre forms part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site as a wetland of international importance, with much of the wetland area also part of the Lake Connewarre State Game Reserve. However, most of the land surrounding Lake Connewarre has been cleared for agricultural purposes resulting in environmental degradation. Water pollution from upriver has also resulted in a drop in water quality, and reduced inflows to the lake have caused silting problems. The lake is shallow being less than one metre in depth and generally unsuitable for boating.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake and its associated wetlands are part of the Bellarine Wetlands Important Bird Area because of its conservation significance for several species of waders, waterbirds and the orange-bellied parrot.</p><br>
<p>The lake is fished commercially for short-finned eel. It also usually contains yellow-eye mullet, black bream and Australian salmon. Other fish may be present, depending on salinity levels.</p><br>
<p>Nepean Island  is a small uninhabited island located about 800m south of Norfolk Island in the Southwest Pacific. The island is about 10 hectares in area. The island is uninhabited due to its small size and tall cliffs flanking it, making landfall nearly impossible for small boats. It forms part of the Norfolk Island National Park, along with Norfolk Island and Phillip Island. It is part of the Australian territory of Norfolk Island and is included in the Norfolk Island National Park, as is nearby Phillip Island, and about 10 percent of Norfolk Island proper.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unlike Norfolk and Phillip Islands, Nepean is not volcanic in origin, but was formed by wind blown from sand dunes between the last two ice ages. The sand grains are cemented together by dissolved limestone from calcareous sand which formed aeolianitic calcarenite.</p><br>
<p>Although Polynesian people were known to have settled around Kingston, no evidence of Polynesian settlement has been found on Nepean Island. The island was first cleared during the First Settlement. Nepean was used as a quarry and for timber during the Second Convict Settlement of Norfolk Island, and was abandoned as a site during that settlement. Remaining stone steps can be seen on the east coast. It is thought the island was named in 1788 by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King for Evan Nepean, Under Secretary of the Home Department of the United Kingdom. However, it may have been named after Captain Nepean, who commanded the colony when King sailed to New Zealand in the Britannia to return two Māoris.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is made of calcareous rock dating from the late Pleistocene and is a breeding site for several species of seabirds. Before being cleared in the 1790s, the island was home to about 200 Norfolk Island Pines. Today, native plants present on the island include Pigface, Native Spinach, Moo-oo, Native Flax and Native Rush. The Masked booby breeds onsite during the summer. From July to December Little shearwaters breed on the island. Other birds such as the Whale Bird, Grey noddy, Black noddy, Wedge-tailed shearwater, Brown noddy and Red-tailed tropicbird also breed on Nepean Island. It is a refuge for the endemic Marbled Gecko, which is now extinct on Norfolk Island. It is also home to the Phillip Island Skink. The island is home to Little Nipper Landcrabs and Freshwater crabs. Green turtles are often seen off the coast of the island.</p><br>
<p>Reschensee  or Lake Reschen is an artificial lake in the western portion of South Tyrol, Italy, approximately 2 km south of the Reschen Pass, which forms the border with Austria, and 3 km east of the mountain ridge forming the border with Switzerland. With its capacity of 120 million cubic metres  it is the largest lake in the province. Its surface area of 6.6 km² makes it also the largest lake above 1,000 m in the Alps. It is fed by the Adige, Rojenbach and Karlinbach and drained by the Adige.</p><br>
<p>The lake is famous for the steeple of a submerged 14th-century church; when the water freezes, this can be reached on foot. A legend says that during winter one can still hear church bells ring. In reality the bells were removed from the tower on July 18, 1950, a week before the demolition of the church nave and the creation of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Origins of the Lake</h2><br>
<p>Plans for a smaller (5 m deep) artificial lake date from 1920. In July 1939, the Montecatini company (now Edison Energia) introduced a new plan for a 22 m-deep lake, which would unify two natural lakes (Reschensee and Mittersee) and submerge several villages, including Graun and part of Reschen. The creation of the dam started in April 1940 pursuant to this second plan but, due to the war and local resistance, did not finish until July 1950.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 Montecatini received 30 million Swiss francs from the Swiss company for the construction of the dam (in exchange for 10 years of seasonal electricity), ironically after the population of Splügen had voted against the companys plans to build a dam that would have submerged that Swiss village. Grauns population did not have such success, despite the willing ear of Antonio Segni who later became Italy&#39;s prime minister. In total 163 homes and 523 hectare of cultivated land were submerged.</p><br>
<p>Cromwell Manor, also known as the David Cromwell House and Joseph Sutherland House, is located on Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States, just south of its intersection with US 9W. It consists of four properties, two of which are of note: the 1820 manor house, built in a Greek Revival style and added onto in 1840 and a 1779 cottage known as The Chimneys, the original home on the site.</p><br>
<p>When built, it was one of the first large houses in rural Cornwall built as a luxury home rather than a farmhouse, and one of the few Greek Revival buildings built of brick in the town. After over a century as a Cromwell family home, it was sold and became a teachers&#39; retreat. It is currently operated as a bed and breakfast, with both properties available to guests. In 1996 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>There are four contributing properties on the seven-acre (3 ha) lot: the main house, The Chimneys, another guest house and a privy. A well and garage are not considered contributing since they date only to the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a brick two-story, five-bay brick structure with a full front portico supported by six large square columns, sitting at the top of a low rise, looking out toward the east on the mountains of Black Rock Forest in the Hudson Highlands. The roof is flat, with a cornice and plain frieze at the roofline and four chimneys at each corner. A two-story rectangular wing connects to the north end, and a screened porch runs the length of the west (rear) elevation.</p><br>
<p>On both front and rear the windows have sandstone sills and lintels. The main entrance is a paneled, glazed wood door with molded surround and sidelights. It is flanked by plain pilasters that support a molded entablature that reaches to the second story.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a center hall plan. Many of its original features remain intact, including molded ceilings and architraves and marble mantels. Sliding pocket doors divide the parlors.</p><br>
<p>The Chimneys, also the Joseph Sutherland House, is a shingle-sided frame cottage on a stone foundation. It consists of two blocks, a main one-and-a-half-story section three bays wide with a one-story, two-bay addition on the south. Its interior has been extensively renovated since its construction but the Dutch door, wide board flooring and mantel remain. A non-contributing well is located in front of the cottage.</p><br>
<p>The guest house, a frame gable-roofed structure, is located to the west. The frame privy is to the southwest. The modern garage is northeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sutherland family, one of Cornwalls oldest, bought most of the property todays Angola Road runs through in the 18th century (The houses of Daniel and David are to the northeast, closer to downtown along the road). Joseph Sutherland built the small cottage around 1779, where he operated a tavern. He also worked as a shoemaker on the side.</p><br>
<p>David Cromwell, a local merchant and gentleman farmer, by some accounts a descendant of Oliver Cromwell, who overthrew the British crown in the mid-17th century, bought the property from the Sutherland family in 1830. He lived in the Sutherland house until the manor was complete around 1835. This larger house was a departure in style and purpose from those that had been built in rural Cornwall until then, a style serving those who did not derive most of their income from the surrounding farm. Cromwell&#39;s further distinguished itself by using brick.</p><br>
<p>The guest house was added in 1840 and the privy 50 years later, around 1890. Cromwell Manor remained in the family until 1941, when Emily Cromwell sold it to the Association of Retired Teachers of the City of New York (a venerable organization, also known as A.R.T., founded in 1919). A.R.T. used it as a retreat for its members, retired New York City teachers, until selling it to its present owners in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Proffit Historic District is a national historic district located at Proffit, Albemarle County, Virginia. It encompasses 26 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites in the historic center of Proffit. Notable buildings and sites includes Evergreen Baptist Church, the Proffit Station Master’s House, remains of the first Proffit Post Office, the Proffit Road Bridge, and several houses built by African-American families as far back as the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Proffit’s history dates back to the 1870s when two former slaves, John Coles and Benjamin Brown, purchased some land from former slaveholder W.G. Carr. In 1876 Ned Brown purchased seventy-five acres in the area as well. Its settlement began and the community thrived.</p><br>
<p>Proffit is noted as one of the few African American communities in Albemarle County to survive after the American Civil War. Today it is a quiet residential area whose backbone is the Evergreen Baptist Church. The Church was built in 1891 by its first pastor, Reverend D.L. Gofney, and continues to be significantly involved in this historic community today.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Tārūt Island  is an island in the Persian Gulf belonging to the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, connected by two causeways to Qatif. It is six kilometers from the coast, and is the longest island in the Persian Gulf after Qeshm Island, extending from Ra’s Tannurah in the north to Qatif in the west. The island has an area of 70 square kilometers, and a population  of 77,757. It contains a number of towns and villages, including Tārūt itself, Deyrah, and Darīn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tarout history dates back to pre-5000 BC. It is considered as one of the most ancient sites that were inhabited by humans, as well as one of the oldest areas along the Arabian Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Tarout was the heart of Dilmun Kingdom and had a major role in the history of the region since 3000 BC. Human habitation in this area over the centuries was very large and archaeological discoveries were found until recently, which is rare in most parts of the world&#39;s archaeological sites.</p><br>
<p>The Island had a significant role in trade activity in the entire Persian Gulf region. It was a central point for trade between Mesopotamia and along the coastal areas in the east of the Arabian Peninsula. Its strong relationships with many of the urbanized areas along the region were well known.</p><br>
<h3>History of the name</h3><br>
<p>The ancient Arabic name for the place was apparently &#39;Ishtarut (عشتروت); in the Greek Geographia of Ptolemy it is called Tharrō (θαρρώ); on a map Ptolemy’s Geographia published in Latin in 1578 it appears as Tharro. Ishtarut or Ashtaroot, which means (love and war god), as was believed by the Babylonians, the Canaanites and Phoenicians.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages the island was often called Dairin or Daryn, for one of its cities. Darīn is actually the name of its main harbor, and there have also been more modern attempts to rename it Darīn. The Treaty of Darin was signed on the island in 1915 between Ibn Saud and the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Weather</h3><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological finds indicate that the island has been inhabited since 5000 BC; and it was later home to people from the civilization of Dilmun, Akkadians, Assyrians and Persians. Later it was occupied by the Persian Empire, the Islamic Empire; it was colonized by the Portuguese and later made part of the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>The most important collections found in the Tarout was pure golden statue representing Ashtaroot goddess. The statue was found placed on the ground in one of the palm groves in the Tarout.</p><br>
<p>There are many other statues, copper and pottery vessels and traditional weapons found in the Tarout that are displayed in the Riyadh Museum. It also contains a Portuguese fort which is located in Al Deyrah. The Portuguese castle was repaired in the 951H, which had been built on the ruins of former settlements and one of the oldest ones, dating back to over 5,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of the Fortress of Al-Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al Fehani, which was built in 1303H as well as the Fortress of Abu Al-leaf, which is located between the Tarout and Al Qatif, in addition to the three mosques on the old road from Al Qatif.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 a man cleaning a street discovered rocks with Sabaean inscriptions on them. The most famous artefacts found on Tārūt were unearthed by Danish archaeologists in 1968; they excavated shards of pottery dating back to 4,500 BC, and others from 3000 BC. When the municipality of Qatīf wanted to build a causeway to Tārūt in 1962 they took sand from the hill known as Tell Rafī’ah, and found Stone Age artifacts, including pottery, and a statue. The last discovery was in 1993 on Tell Rafī’ah. Sometimes archaeological ruins are discovered by accident; something that occurred when a car repair workshop was being renovated and tombs dating back to 2000 BC were found.</p><br>
<p>Many vessels have been found on Tārūt carved from steatite, particularly from Tell Rafī&#39;ah; the designs are very artistic and include representations of cats, nude men, and motifs connected with the sea and fishing. The source of the steatite was actually in South Western Persia, but the carving industry seems to have been a local one.</p><br>
<p>Among the ancient statues discovered in Tārūt is one of a naked man made out of dark grey stone. It was found in the 1950s by a man ploughing his field. It is 94 cm high, and the man is standing in a reverential posture, with wide eyes. It is almost certainly Sumerian in origin, though it was found about 1000 kilometers from the nearest city of Sumer. It is a very high quality object, but was almost destroyed by the superstitious villagers, who thought it had something to do with spirits (jinn), and so cut it in half and beheaded it. It has been restored and now stands the National Museum of Riyadh.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 when some of the inhabitants of the village of Rabī&#39;iyah were replacing their former thatched houses with buildings of stone and plaster, a man climbing some of the hills looking for stones, they chanced upon a jar, and then discovered a number of graves, which experts later suggested were likely to be Jewish in origin. They also found many earthenware vessels at the same site. At Khārijīyah in the north of Tārūt many clay figurines have also been found.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<h3>Sea port</h3><br>
<p>Tarout Island represents one of the most important sea ports in all parts of Saudi Arabia.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times, the island was a vital seaport to receive boats from the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. Tarout was a metropolis on the island, which took its name from its castle, which is located in the heart of the island, surrounded by small villages.</p><br>
<h2>Tarout Castle</h2><br>
<p>Tarout Castle is located in the center of Tarout Island at the edge of Al Deyrah village. The castle was built in the period from 1515 to 1521. So far it is unknown who built it, although some archeologists suggest that it was built by the residents of Qatif and Tarout to protect them from Portuguese attacks, while some researchers indicate that the castle was built by the Portuguese to protect themselves from Turkish attacks, but they were forced to hand it over in 1559 and they withdrew from the Tarout island of to Awal Island,(now Bahrain).</p><br>
<p>The castle is consisting of 4 towers. Its courtyard is a rectangle with a central deep well, which is believed to be used to store provisions during the times of blockage. King Abdul Aziz Dara is enjoying a lot of archaeological material of historical significance, which was discovered at the Tarout Heritage Palace. The later found material is an ancient army cannon going dating back to the same time, which is currently being shown in the Dammam Regional Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Tarout historical fort</p><br>
<p>Al Rafiea airport (1911-1932); built in 1911 during World War I by the British Empire</p><br>
<p>Fortress of Abu Al-leaf built in the 16th century by the Portuguese; destroyed by the British Empire in 1866</p><br>
<p>Darin seaport</p><br>
<p>Darin historical fort</p><br>
<p>Traditional Houses</p><br>
<p>Al Khudar mosque</p><br>
<p>Darin cornice</p><br>
<p>Sanabis cornice</p><br>
<p>Al Zoor cornice</p><br>
<p>Visitors center on front of Darin seaport and on the left side of ruins of the palace. (Must see place). Its museum in the traditional house (200y.o.).</p><br>
<h2>Main villages</h2><br>
<p>Al Rabieia</p><br>
<p>Al Zoor</p><br>
<p>Dareen</p><br>
<p>Al Deyrah: Tarout Center at the present time is known as Al Deyrah, which represents a major administrative center of the villages during different periods. Al Dira County Quarter is the oldest Quarter on the island dating back to Phoenician times, where you can see the adjacent stone and mud buildings crisscrossed by narrow streets and corridors. Wandering through the streets will remind you of the fragrance of historical periods of the ancient place. Al Deyrah was surrounded by a fence for the purpose of protection from attacks by invaders. To its east side it is adjoined by the Tarout castle, which is considered as a well-fortified castle on the island. The castle is located on a tall hill, which is the highest place on the island. The Island consists of Ain Tarut. In the early times, that was the only source of water on the island, and it is known as "Hamam Tarout ”, the Tarout Bath.</p><br>
<p>Sanabes</p><br>
<p>Fariq Al Atrish</p><br>
<p>El Toro in Catalan, sometimes known by its Spanish name of Monte Toro, is the tallest hill of the island of Menorca, rising to a height of 342 m. The mountain is home to the Sanctuary of the Verge del Toro. The mountain&#39;s summit can be accessed by automobile or on foot, from which there is a fantastic view of the nearby areas of the island.</p><br>
<p>El Toro is designated as an ANEI (protected natural area).</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name "Toro" is an evolution, in part for the different languages and cultures that have passed in the island, of the catalan (menorquí) word "Turó", which means Hill. The name could also be derived from Arabic, coming from tor or al-tor which means height.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Monte Toro rises above the surrounding farmland and foothills approximately 2 miles (3km) east from the central town of Es Mercadal, in the centre of the island. It can be seen from places throughout the island and is instantly recognisable, due to the fact it is Menorca&#39;s only prominent summit.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>On a clear day, you can see the whole of the island, especially the northern region from Ciutadella to Fornells and even the mountains of Mallorca.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments of interest</h2><br>
<p>At its summit is the Sanctuary of the Virgen del Toro, an old Gothic church from 1670. There is also a statue of Christ, a gift shop and a restaurant with excellent views.</p><br>
<p>The Sorlie Memorial Bridge, also known as the Red River Bridge was built in 1929 by the Minneapolis Bridge Company to connect the cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Sorlie Memorial Bridge replaced a swing bridge on the same site that was constructed in 1889. It is a Parker through truss bridge with two truss spans and rides on rails to accommodate the ever-changing banks of the Red River of the North. The Sorlie Memorial Bridge was named for North Dakota&#39;s 14th governor, Arthur G. Sorlie. Plaques on either end identify Sorlie as "a true friend of better roads and bridges." At the time, the bridge was the only vehicular crossing in the area, and was important for carrying USA Route 2, a transcontinental route. It is the oldest documented Parker truss design in the state, and its two spans of 283 ft are the longest riveted Parker through trusses in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Mark Hufstetler., National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission. National Park Service, December 10, 1996</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard. The falls is located on the Horsepasture River. It is on Pisgah National Forest land just outside Gorges State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A proposal to route the flow of the river around the falls in the mid 1980s for a hydroelectric power plant was thwarted by public opposition. On October 27, 1986, the Horsepasture River was designated a national Wild and Scenic River, protecting the falls from future development.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rock face over which the river flows is not vertical, but the large volume of water during normal river flows cause it to leap many feet out from the rock and a deep plunge pool lies at the bottom of the falls. It creates large amounts of wind and mist that race up the hillside opposite the falls. If the sun is in the right position, a rainbow is easily observed here, giving the falls its name.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Little Falls - located on private property upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Narrows Falls - located in a gated community upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Rock House Falls - 55-ft falls located on private property on Burlingame Creek, a tributary of the Horsepasture River</p><br>
<p>Turtleback Falls</p><br>
<p>Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Stairway Falls</p><br>
<p>Sidepocket Falls</p><br>
<p>Windy Falls</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House is an historic structure in Ticonderoga, New York. It is a replica of the Hancock Manor on Boston&#39;s Beacon Hill that was the residence of Thomas Hancock, the uncle of John Hancock.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House was built by philanthropist Horace A. Moses for the New York State Historical Association as a repository for "American Traditions in History and the Fine Arts;" the Association used it as its "Headquarters House" until after World War II. It was built in 1925–1926, and is a 4 1/2-story, five bay by three bay, Georgian Revival style granite building. It has a slate covered gambrel roof and full basement.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Ticonderoga, Horace Augustus Moses became wealthy building and acquiring a number of paper mills that he combined to form the Strathmore Paper Company. As his wealth grew, he made a series of substantial donations to many Ticonderoga projects, among which were the Valley View Cemetery Chapel, the Liberty Monument, the Moses-Ludington Hospital, the Community Building, and the Hancock House; with the last of these, he accomplished an early lifetime ambition—to establish a museum with a library that would make Ticonderoga a focal point for public interest in the region&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House Museum and Research Library was established in 1926. The Ticonderoga Historical Society today manages the building as a regional museum and reference library. There are exhibits throughout the Hancock House. The library houses a large collection of regional material on civic, social and economic matters and has one of the largest collections of genealogical resource materials in the region.</p><br>
<p>The house was built of Weymouth granite, the same stone as the original, from drawings made by John Sturgis before the original house was destroyed; the Hancock Manor House was demolished in 1863 to make room for two stately double brownstones. The main hall and stairway and the two rooms to the right of the hall are exact duplicates of those in the original house.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>Ticonderoga history is emphasized in the collection of photographs, manuscripts, artifacts, and books kept in the museum. The museum has genealogical and local history information, from census information to obituaries to complete newspapers. The library comprises seven thousand volumes principally on New York State history, with an emphasis on material on the Lake Champlain, Lake George and Adirondack sections. Materials include:</p><br>
<p>Ticonderoga Sentinel newspaper editions, dated from 1874 to Oct 1982 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Vermont Census 1790–1820 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Essex County Census 1830–1880 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>New York State Federal Census 1790–1820 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Vermont Vital Records 1760–1870 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>The 1925 Census data for Clinton County, New York</p><br>
<p>Cemetery records for Ticonderoga, Crown Point & Schroon Lake</p><br>
<p>An inventory of the Burt Garfield Loescher Paper, 1940–2002. "Robert Rogers&#39; and the French and Indian War"</p><br>
<p>Aisymi  is a village in the southern part of the Evros regional unit, Greece. It is located on the Greek National Road 53, about 20 km north of the city of Alexandroupoli. In 2011 its population was 193 for the village and 253 for the community, including the village Leptokarya.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aisymi dates back to the ancient times as an ancient settlement. With the rest of Western Thrace, it was ruled by the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century. It remained under Turkish rule until the Balkan Wars of 1913. At that time, Aisymi (then known as Doğanhisar, Dugan Hisar in Bulgarian) was a Bulgarian speaking village like many parts of today&#39;s Evros prefecture. The population in 1912 consisted of 400 Bulgarians.</p><br>
<p>After a brief period of Bulgarian rule between 1913 and 1919, it became part of Greece. As a result its Bulgarian and Turkish population was exchanged with Greek refugees, mainly from today&#39;s Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>People that were born in Aisymi</h2><br>
<p>Kiro Chelekov, Bulgarian revolutionary</p><br>
<p>Petko Kiryakov (Captain Petko Voyvoda) (1844–1900), leader of the Bulgarian national revolution in Aegean Thrace and Rhodopes 1861-1878, friend of Giuseppe Garibaldi, organiser and commander of the iatalo-bulgarian Battalion in Greece Cretan Revolt (1866–1869), Bulgarian politician</p><br>
<p>Kosta Mitev Admirala, Bulgarian revolutionary and leader</p><br>
<p>Mara Mihailova (1900–1989), Bulgarian folklorist and journalist</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>South Bushwick Reformed Protestant Dutch Church Complex, also known as the "White Church", is a historic Dutch Reformed church in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York. The complex consists of the church and attached Sunday School building. The church was organized in 1851 by members of the Bushwick Reformed Church that dates back to 1654. Himrod St. was named after South Bushwick&#39;s first pastor. The church is a two-story frame, clapboard-sided building finished in 1853. Its design combines Greek Revival and Gibbsian classical styles. The Greek Revival entrance portico features two giant fluted Ionic order columns. Above the entrance portico is the tower with a square base and octagonal lantern and spire.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (1819–1905), a Reformed pastor, and later author and theology professor, served this congregation from 1841 to 1849 after receiving his degree from New Brunswick Theological Seminary.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
